1.
Comparative Performance Of Cattle Calves Fattened On Different Levels Of Lucerne Hay Based Total Mixed Ration
by Rana Asif Iqbal (2002-VA-102) | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Mr. Hifz-Ul-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Feeding management trial of 90 days was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and production economics of cattle calves fattened on different levels of Lucerne hay based mixed ration. Twenty four (24) cattle calves approximately of two years age and same weight were selected from the available young stock and was randomly allocated to three groups i.e. A, B and C, Fattening rations comprising concentrate TMR, LHMR-15(15% hay) and LHMR-25(25% hay) for the calves belonging to group A, B and C was offered @1 % of the body weight on dry matter basis, respectively. Mean daily DMI was 20.62±0.17, 20.66±0.18 and 20.74±0.17 kg per calf on TMR, LHMR-15 and LHMR-25, respectively. Highest dry matter intake (20.74±0.17 kg) was recorded in calves on LHMR-25 diet followed by calves on LHMR-15 and TMR. The data on body weight was recorded on weekly basis during the trial period of 12 weeks. Mean daily body weight gain was 0.82±0.042, 0.77±0.051and 0.70±0.046 kg per calf on TMR, LHMR-15 and LHMR-25, respectively. Highest (0.82±0.042 kg) daily weight gain was recorded in calves on TMR diet followed by calves on LHMR-15 and LHMR-25 diet, respectively. Daily weight gain in calves showed an increasing trend on overall basis in all the treatments during different weeks. The calves on TMR diet comparatively reported higher gain during different weeks and between treatments. Statistically non-significant was observed in mean daily weight gain among different treatments and also during different weeks.The differences in body height, body length and heart girth measurements were statistically non-significant between treatments. Statistically body mass index was non-significant among the all treatments. Feed conversion ratio in calves was highest (9.16±2.231) on TMR diet followed by LHMR-15 (11.18±4.192) and LHMR-25(11.64±2.025), respectively. Statistically feed conversion ratio differences were non-significant between treatments and also during different weeks. The economics of calves fattening was calculated at the end of twelve weeks experiment by using costs of production and value of gain. Gross margin analyses showed statistically non-significant difference between treatments and also during different weeks.
Key words: cattle, fattening, lucerne hay, daily weight gain
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2307-T] (1).
2.
Productive And Physiological Performance Of Nili-Ravi Buffaloes Under Various Housing Management Practices During Summer
by Umair Younas (2002-VA-58) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Back ground: Among various factors that are affecting buffalo productivity, heat stress is challenge for the dairy farmers of Pakistan since the geographical location of Pakistan is sub-tropic as it is situated 23.6 degree above the line of equator between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and summer season prevail for long duration with high ambient temperature and relative humidity. Information on production potential of mature Nili-Ravi buffalo against hot-dry and hot-humid season and its adaptability to the sub-tropical conditions of central Punjab has not been documented before. In this regard, study is designed to understand the relationships of environmental stress with physiological, behavioral and production responses in Nili-Ravi buffaloes under different housing and cooling conditions.
Hypothesis: Developing and implementing housing and cooling systems to mitigate heat stress may decrease this effect but must be cost effective. To test these hypotheses, the proposed study was carried out at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI).
Methodology: Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the physiological, productive, serum biochemical and behavioral profile of mature Nili Ravi buffaloes under subtropical conditions, at BRI (Buffalo Research Institute), Pattoki. Experiments were conducted during proposed duration of March-April; May-June; July-August and September-October on various physiological and productive parameters. Lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes (n=20) were divided in to four groups with five animals in each group. Group A buffaloes were kept under roof shades
EXPERIMENT 4
157
only (control). Group B was supplemented with yeast powder under roof shade; C group buffaloes were raised under ceiling fans and group D was treated with ceiling fans and showers.
During all summer periods, fans with showers (D) showed highest milk production followed by fans only (C), then control A and B have been similar for most of times. However, in early summer (March-April), the additional cost of supplement feed and cooling strategies was higher than revenue generated from increased milk. Cost per liter of milk produced was higher and thus marginal revenue was lower than expected. Whereas, shaded group A showed comparatively less milk production which was offset by low production cost as there were no additional costs of supplementing feed or cooling strategies.
In all other periods of mid-summer (hot-dry: May-June and hot-humid: July-August) and late summer (July-August), higher milk production was noticed in group D followed by group C despite additional costs of cooling strategies. Lower cost/ liter of milk were noticed as well as high marginal revenue. During these periods, fans were noticed as more effective strategy to alleviate thermal load compare to supplemental feed as cost per liter was high and marginal revenue was less in group B. Looks like feed additive may only be applicable in early summer compare to fans group but shaded group A had best performance in terms of cost per liter and revenue. Group D was found best followed by C in terms of lower cost per liter and high marginal revenue in mid and late summer.
Statistical Analysis: The recorded data was subjected to statistical analysis by using analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) under completely randomized design (CRD). The difference of means among treatment groups were determined by using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT;
SUMMARY
EXPERIMENT 4
158
Steel et al., 1997) for the interpretation of results and portraying conclusions with the help of statistical software (Statistical packages for social sciences; SPSS).
Conclusion: However, it is noted that during March and April control group buffaloes performed better economically but they had lower production and higher physiological responses. Improved performance and health of animals under fans with or without showers did not produce enough marginal income to pay for the additional costs. Shaded group A showed comparatively less milk production which was offset by low production cost as there were no additional costs of supplementing feed or cooling strategies. Therefore, small scale farmers may use shade only for their buffaloes during early summer only but progressive farmers better go for shower and fans strategy since early summer as this approach works best throughout other periods of summer season. Since, the group D was found best followed by C in terms of lower cost per liter and high marginal revenue therefore, fans with showers would be a quite useful technique for progressive farmers and also necessary from animal’s health point of view. Also, small scale farmers may use fans to avoid drastic decrease in milk production and take maximum achievable measures according to their affordability during mid and later summer.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2490-T] (1).
3.
Effect Of Bovine Somatotropin On Productive Performance In Nili Ravi Buffaloes During Mid Lactation
by Muhammad Imran (2006-VA-16) | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid | Dr. Muhammad Saad Ullah | Dr. Amjad Riaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Agriculture being the backbone of economy contributes 21% of GDP in which major share 55.5 % is of Livestock sectorin the agriculture value added and 11.9 percent of National GDP.Total milk production in Pakistan is 52 million tons per year. Buffalo is playing a leading role in the national economy by producing more milk.Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68%(Anonymous,2012). Nili Ravi is the best performing animal producing more milk than other buffalo breeds in the world (2500 liters per lactation) but daily average milk production per animal is 7-8 liters. Increasing population in the World as well as Pakistan has resulted in higher demand of milk and milk by products. Animalresearchers are trying to devise different ways through which they can fulfill the increasing demand of milk and meat. Milk and meat production enhancement through different biotechnologies are thought to be important for the developing countries. Synthetic Bovine Somatotropin Hormone (bST) is one of biotechnological product which can help to increasethe production of animals.
The current study was conducted atLivestock Experiment Station Bhunikey, Pattoki to determine the effect ofbSTon DMI, body weight, milk production, milk composition, body condition score and production efficiencyin lactatingNili-Ravi buffaloes.Fifty Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were selected from the herd at LES Bhunikey, Pattoki. The buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) with 25 in each group.All the buffaloes offered silage ad libitum, water access round the clock and supplemented with concentrate @ 1 kg for 2 liter of milk production. Group A was administered with 500mg bST at 14 days interval for 5 months and group B was as control.
Dry matter intake was recorded on weekly basis and milk production measured twice a day (morning and evening). Body weight of buffaloes measured on monthly basis. Milk samples were collected after every 2 weeks for fat, lactose, proteins, solid-not-fats and total solids contents using milk analyzer in the Farm and Health Laboratory, Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. Body condition score of buffaloes on 5-point scale recorded before bST administration during adjustment period then during bST treatment in middle of experiment and finally when withdraw of bST administration.
Data obtained was statistically analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) using proc GLM procedure of SAS. Treatment was considered as fixed effect and start milk was used as covariate to avoid any bias.
Milk production, DMI and mastitis incidence significantly increased in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes with bST administration. Body condition score decreased significantly but body weight change was non significant in bST treated buffaloes.
bST treatment increased milk production in lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes.However, the mastitis incidence and antibiotic treatment increased in bST treated animals. Antibiotic residues in milk are major cause of antibiotic resistance in humans which is a huge challenge to humanity in 21st century. So bST treatment is not a viable approach for enhancing milk production.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2571-T] (1).
4.
Effect Of Feeding Different Levels Of Rhodes Grass Hay On Growth Performance, Body Condition Score, Digestibility And Blood Metabolites In Growing Lohi Lambs
by Syed Ghulam Abbas Bukhari (2014-VA-521) | Mr. Imran Mohsin | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Livestock has great importance in economy of our country, livestock contribute 55.1% share in our agriculture GDP and about 12% of total GDP of Pakistan. Livestock includes all that animals which are reared at domestic level and produce beneficial products for human beings. As large ruminants has great role in milk production and a large population present in our country .Mean while small ruminants has also an important role in livestock sector. Deficiency of sufficient feed throughout the year is a common issue in Pakistan both for large and small ruminants. Poor quality and shortage of feedstuffs, as well as underfeeding are considered to be the major problems for the efficiency of animals. Tropical grasses have generally a lesser amount of crude protein contents. Therefore, maximum levels of production could not be achieved only from such feedstuffs that barely meet even the maintenance requirement of farm animals. Adding concentrates to poor-quality tropical hay is useful to improve intake and digestibility of grasses. The trial was conducted including, different levels of Rhodes grass hay supplementation, in TMR form. There were 3 treatments (Ctrl, Rh15 and Rh30), in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). First group was offered Rhodes grass hay and concentrate separately. Whereas Rh15 and Rh30 group was fed Rhodes grass hay in TMR form. Feed offered and refusal recorded at daily basis.
Supplementation of different levels of Rhodes grass hay did not affect the DMI in all the treatments. Body weight gain increased significantly in Rh15 group as compared to others. Body condition score and body measurements increased in Rh15 diet when compared to others. Blood urea nitrogen increased in the ctrl group than Rh15 and Rh30 group. Blood glucose level was not changed in all the treatments. Protein digestibility was improved in Rh15 group as compared to Ctrl and Rh30. The data thus collected was be analyzed through one way ANOVA procedure of SAS using Fisher’s LSD test.
The experiment helped us to determine the inclusion level of Rhodes grass hay in our local animals. As Rhodes grass is a perennial grass so its efficiency helped us during the period of shortage.
Conclusion:
Results in the present study showed that animals performed better on TMR feeding than conventional feeding. Body condition score, Body measurements and body weight gain was improved in Rh15 group as compared to Ctrl and Rh30 groups.
Suggestions and recommendations:
In future chemical treatments of Rhodes grass hay may improve nutritive value of Rhodes grass hay. Further research required to evaluate the fiber digestibility of Rhodes grass hay in small ruminants.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2565-T] (1).
5.
Study Of Factors Affecting Quality Of Silage As A Component Of Total Mixed Ration On Growth And Production Performance In Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Rafi-Uddin (2004-VA-152) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Silage production is at initial stages to be a part of animal agriculture in Pakistan. The lack of research on silage making and its benefits for livestock production under local conditions is an important factor for slow propagation of silage in our country. Under such scenario a multi-step study was conducted. At first, the effect of proper maturity stage for harvesting different fodders was investigated, and then the effects of silo type and silage additives were assessed on silage quality. In last part of the study the feeding trials were conducted on growing calves and lactating buffalo to evaluate the effect of silage feeding on growth and milk production respectively.
In all the three fodders i.e. oats, maize and sorghum, the full bloom stage for harvesting produced the best results regarding silage quality and fermentation characteristics. Although the trench silo produced best results regarding fermentation characteristics and silage quality, the expected operational cost and dry matter losses during face management for trench silo would make it harder for farmers to adopt. Under such circumstances, for long term use the bunkers would be a good choice for silage making with comparable silage quality as that of trench silo. Silage inoculants certainly improved the silage quality and it is highly recommended to use such additives for silage making and these additives are not that costly. Buffalo calves raised on fresh corn fodder and three different silages showed similar daily weight gain. Further growth trials on buffalo calves with varying levels of concentrate feeding along with silage are suggested to investigate silage feeding in calves. Corn silage fed lactating buffaloes had lower dry matter intake and total milk yield, but higher total solids as compared to fresh fodder feeding. The future studies of silage feeding compared to different inclusion levels of fresh and dry roughage sources would add further to explore the economic implications of silage feeding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2590-T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Pre-Weaning Diets And Varying Levels Of Concentrate During Post-Weaning Period On The Performacne Of Female Nili-Ravi Buffalo Calves Up To One Year Of Age
by Zeeshan Muhammad Iqbal (2002-VA-55) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Nili-Ravi buffalo is a well-known buffalo breed in subcontinent Indo-Pakistan region and famous for its high milk production ability. Currently, buffalo calves and growing heifers are fed on deprived quality and quantity roughages with poor nutritive values resulting in reduced growth rate, reproduction with delayed attainment of puberty and high mortality. These constraints can be overcome through nutritional management of buffaloes. There is a need for the development of standards for adequate, cost effective provision of colostrum, whole milk/milk replacer and calf starter ration to neonatal calves up to weaning, establishment of nutrient requirements for growing buffalo heifer with aim of more average daily gain to reduce age at puberty and nutrients requirements for lactating buffalo according to their status and stage of milk production.
The current study comprises of two experiments and was conducted at Livestock Experiment Station, Bhunikey, Pattoki, District Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan. The first experiment was performed with an aim to check the growth performance of female buffalo calves on whole milk & milk replacer and find out the cost effective and growth rate friendly alternate source of liquid diet. The duration of this experiment was 120 days. Thirty six female calves were selected and randomly divided into three (n=12) different treatments A (whole milk), B (50% whole milk & 50% milk replacer) and C (milk replacer). All the calves were given colostrum for first three days, then whole milk up to 15 days of age and transferred into three treatments. In addition to this all the calves were provided calf starter and fresh water ad-libitum. The calves were given
SUMMARY
133
liquid diet @ 10% of their body weight for first two months and then gradually decline of 1% on weekly basis for the subsequent two months. Green fodder was started on three month of age. The average daily total dry matter intake was remained same for all the three treatments but the average daily gain was higher in treatment A (457.38±110.13a) compare to treatment C (362.22±107.83b) but it was same for treatment A&B and B&C, respectively. The mean FCR value was also better for treatment A (3.49±0.56b) compare to treatment C (4.30±1.24a) and it was same for treatment A&B and treatment B&C, respectively. The mean cost/kg gain was higher in treatment A (422.72±70.66a) compare to treatment C (352.97±97.49b) and it was same for treatment A&B and B&C, respectively. Animals had performed well on mix liquid (50 % whole milk: 50% milk replacer) diet and it was more cost effective than other two treatments.
The aim in second experiment was to set the standard and cost effective level of concentrate ration for growing female buffalo heifer calves. For second experiment thirty (30) calves were selected from first experiment and were randomly dived into three treatments A, B and C. Treatment A was fed on concentrate ration according to 0.5 % of their body weight, treatment B 1.0 % and treatment C 1.5 % of their body weight. In addition to this all the calves were given ad-libitum green fodder and fresh clean water. All the calves were fed on similar concentrate ration having CP: 17 % and ME: 2.6 Mcal/kg. The duration of this experiment was 8 months. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in mean dry matter intake, protein intake, energy intake and protein per kg gain across all the three treatments and were higher (P<0.05) for treatment C then treatment B and lower (P<0.05) in treatment A, respectively. The average daily gain was remained same (P>0.05) for all the three treatments (497.32±17.92, 503.63±19.09 and 532.77±20.67). The higher feed efficiency was observed in treatment A (0.135±.004a) while it was same for treatment B & C (0.113±.003b & 0.108±.004b), respectively. The average body
SUMMARY
134
condition & score, body mass index and blood constituents (RBCs, WBCs, heamoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, platelets count, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes) were unaffected (P>0.05) by different concentrate levels. Concentrate levels had significantly affected some of serum components (total protein and urea) but some components (glucose & cholesterol) were unaffected by dietary treatments. The values of mean serum total protein and serum urea were found lower in treatment A (6.12±0.17b & 42.34±1.59b) compare to treatment B (6.65±0.23a & 50.08±2.05a) and C (6.79±0.23a & 51.41±2.29a), respectively. The higher values of serum total protein and cholesterol in treatment B & C may be attributed to higher concentrate level in these two treatments. Concentrate levels had significantly (P<0.05) affected some of the digestibility parameters (DM %, CP% and NDF%) while other parameters (organic matter, fat, ash, ADF and urine pH) were remained same (P>0.05) on varying concentrate level diet. The mean body measurements (height at wither, body length and heart girth) were also not affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. There was significant difference across all the three treatments in total average daily dry matter intake cost and cost per kg gain. These were lower in treatment A compared to other two treatments B & C. It was observed that mean dry matter, protein and energy intake was lower in treatment A (0.5% of body weight) and weight gain was remained same on all the three dietary treatments. The mean feed efficiency was greater and mean cost per/kg gain was lower in treatment A. So, treatment A was remained more cost effective than other two treatments.
Both experiments were planned by keeping in mind the problems of buffalo farmer. Rearing of calves with improved growth rate on least cost feeding regime is important in dairy farming. Milk replacer is an alternate source of whole milk. Most of the buffalo farmers don’t use milk replacer for rearing of calves because of slower growth rate. Mixing of milk replacer
SUMMARY
135
with whole milk in 50:50 ratio make the consistency of liquid diet near to whole milk. Feeding of whole milk with milk replacer along with calf starter reduces the cost without affecting growth rate. At this stage farmers should keep in mid the cleaning of feeding pans to avoid the risk of diarrhea.
In post weaning period calves’ rumen is fully develop and is completely shifted to solid diet. During this transition phase farmers don’t follow the nutritional requirements of calves, which slow down the growth rate and ultimately increase the age at puberty. As buffalo are efficient converter of low quality diet. If farmers offer concentrate ratio (16-18% CP) to buffalo heifers at the rate of 0.5% of body weight along with ad-libitum green fodder, growth rate can be improved cost effectively.
5.1. Conclusion:
The findings of first experiment shows that 50% whole milk & 50% milk replacer @ of 10 of body weight along with adlibitum calf starter ration help in early rumen development, improved growth rate and better FCR on economical basis. So, it is recommended that whole milk and milk replacer in 50:50 ratio is growth rate friendly and cost effective for rearing of female buffalo calves up to weaning. The results of second experiment shows that growth rate, body measurements and body condition & score remained the same on all the three dietary concentrate levels but the feed efficiency was improved on lower concentrate level. So, it is recommended that it is cost effective to raise buffalo growing heifers on small amount of concentrate ration (0.5% of body weight) along with ad-libitum green fodder. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2720-T] (1).
7.
Comparative Freestall Occupancy Behavior Of Nili Ravi Buffalo And Holstein Cattle
by Sayyad Hussain Magsi | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naveed-ul-Haque.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Livestock has great economic importance for our country, with 11.6% share to the total GDP of Pakistan (GOP, 2015-2016). It plays a major role in poverty alleviation in rural area of the country. Buffalo is the major milk producing animal. The share of buffalo milk is 61% of the total milk produced in the country (GOP, 2015-16). Buffaloes are managed under traditional housing where these animals are kept tethered most of the time. The lying surface always remains wet with their urine and feces thereby compromising animal production potential and health. Freestall housing is a better housing option with the specific purpose of providing a comfortable place for dairy cattle to lie down while motivating defecation and urination in the alley outside of the freestall. This system of housing in buffalo can improve their performance and needs to be explored.The current trial was conducted at Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. The comparative freestall occupancy behavior of Nili Ravi buffaloes and Holstein pregnant heifers had been assessed. Thirty Nili Ravi (primiparous and multiparous) pregnant buffaloes and 30 Holstein pregnant heifers was introduced in a naturally ventilated shed having freestall. These animal were given free choice to sit in the sand bedded freestalls, in alleys with concrete floor or in open area with dirt for seven days and their stall occupancy behavior was observed.In second phase, animals restricted under covered area to forcibly (against one’s will) choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night. The descriptive statistics was presented in %age of stall usage for every day till maximum stall filling. The logistic regression was used to compare the effect of parity, and weight on stall usage. Kaplan Meier survival curve was estimated to compare stall occupancy between parity.
When buffaloeswere given free choice to lie in freestall, or on concrete floor alleys or to lie on dirt floor in open area, they preferred to lie in open dirt area as compared to freestalls. When
Holstein heifers were given free choice, initially they preferred to lie in open dirt area but gradually the percentage of lying in freestalls increased. Similarly whenBuffaloes and Holstein heifers were restricted under covered area to forcibly choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night, Holstein heifers started to lie in cubicles quickly as compared to buffaloes.Holstein heifers prefer to lie in freestalls when given free choice in comparison to buffaloes. Buffaloes having 4th and 3rd parity started to lie in cubicles earlier as compared to buffaloes having 2nd and 1stparty.This study could provide an important bench mark for freestall housing in buffaloes.
Livestock has great economic importance for our country, with 11.6% share to the total GDP of Pakistan (GOP, 2015-2016). It plays a major role in poverty alleviation in rural area of the country. Buffalo is the major milk producing animal. The share of buffalo milk is 61% of the total milk produced in the country (GOP, 2015-16). Buffaloes are managed under traditional housing where these animals are kept tethered most of the time. The lying surface always remains wet with their urine and feces thereby compromising animal production potential and health. Freestall housing is a better housing option with the specific purpose of providing a comfortable place for dairy cattle to lie down while motivating defecation and urination in the alley outside of the freestall. This system of housing in buffalo can improve their performance and needs to be explored.The current trial was conducted at Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. The comparative freestall occupancy behavior of Nili Ravi buffaloes and Holstein pregnant heifers had been assessed. Thirty Nili Ravi (primiparous and multiparous) pregnant buffaloes and 30 Holstein pregnant heifers was introduced in a naturally ventilated shed having freestall. These animal were given free choice to sit in the sand bedded freestalls, in alleys with concrete floor or in open area with dirt for seven days and their stall occupancy behavior was observed.In second phase, animals restricted under covered area to forcibly (against one’s will) choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night. The descriptive statistics was presented in %age of stall usage for every day till maximum stall filling. The logistic regression was used to compare the effect of parity, and weight on stall usage. Kaplan Meier survival curve was estimated to compare stall occupancy between parity.
When buffaloeswere given free choice to lie in freestall, or on concrete floor alleys or to lie on dirt floor in open area, they preferred to lie in open dirt area as compared to freestalls. When
Holstein heifers were given free choice, initially they preferred to lie in open dirt area but gradually the percentage of lying in freestalls increased. Similarly whenBuffaloes and Holstein heifers were restricted under covered area to forcibly choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night, Holstein heifers started to lie in cubicles quickly as compared to buffaloes.Holstein heifers prefer to lie in freestalls when given free choice in comparison to buffaloes. Buffaloes having 4th and 3rd parity started to lie in cubicles earlier as compared to buffaloes having 2nd and 1stparty.This study could provide an important bench mark for freestall housing in buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2766-T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Drinking Water Quality On Growth Performance Of Post Weaned Holstein Friesian Calves
by Hina Tahir (2006-VA-119) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Dr. Saeed Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Information on production potential of Holstein Friesian calves raised under various
sources of drinking water with different levels of TDS as well as its adaptability has not been
documented yet in central Punjab. In this regard, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of
drinking water sources on physiological and production parameters in Holstein Friesian calves.
Holstein Friesian calves exposed to increasing level of TDS water conditions at dairy
farms may exhibit variation in water intake and reduce dry matter intake that might ultimately
lead to deviation in growth performance from normal range. In order to test this hypothesis, the
proposed study was carried out.
To evaluate the physiological and productive profile of Holstein Friesian calves subjected
to various sources of drinking water with different levels of TDS and minerals concentration
under subtropical conditions, the proposed experiment was conducted at Dairy Training and
Research Demonstration Farm Ravi Campus B Block, Pattoki, University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Lahore. For this purpose, 18 Holstein Friesian calves of the similar age and
weight were randomly selected from the herd maintained at Dairy Training and Research
Demonstration Farm and were divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C with 6 Holstein Friesian
calves in each group. The calves from group A were provided turbine water for drinking
purpose.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
32
Similarly, calves from group B and C were subjected to normal tap water and processed water
from reverse osmosis unit, respectively. The availability of water was made possible for 24 hours
in front of animals. The water was provided under the shed to these calves. The water troughs
were kept neat and clean during whole of the experimental period. The calves were given free
approach to water trough. The water from three sources were supplied to study the comparative
performance of calves. The data on water intake and dry matter intake were observed daily.
Whereas, weight gain was calculated on fortnightly basis. Feed digestibility was done at end of
trial. Blood mineral profile sampling was done at start and end of trial, all serum samples were
analyzed by spectrometer. The data thus collected were analyzed using analysis of variance
(ANOVA) techniques through (SAS, 2004). Difference among treatment means will be tested
through least significance difference.
The results of experiment were helpful to determine the appropriate water quality (1632.0
TDS to 172 TDS) to enhance the growth of Holstein Friesian calves in central Punjab. This will
also provide useful guideline for safe use of drinking water in the areas having water quality
problems. Calves exposed to low TDS water showed higher water, feed intake and weight gain.
Feed digestibility and blood calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels were not affected with
increase in salinity of water while ALT values are slightly higher in high TDS water group.
It was concluded that provision of different sources of water with varying levels of TDS
(1632.0 to 172 ppm) had no significant affect on growth of post weaned calves. More research is
to be required to investigate the effect of water quality on growth at different stages of calves for
more prolonged duration. Similar studies are suggested for the indigenous animals for long
Summary
33
period of time. So that a comprehensive findings may be achieved in this regard. It is suggested
that livestock may be offered water of same quality which is consumed by human beings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2894-T] (1).
9.
Theory Of Planned Behavior (Tpb) – A Meta Analysis In Halal Food Consumption
by Irfan Ishaq (2015-VA-818) | Dr. Rana Muhammad Ayyub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: This study dealt with the Meta analytical review of Halal food articles based on TPB and TRA. Since 1990’s Halal food driven studies have been done, particularly from last decade the application of TPB has been increasing extensively. Intention to purchase Halal food effectively determines by TPB model and this fact is supported by many previous researches.
Systematic literature identifies 17 eligible studies for Meta analysis in line with inclusion criteria (included studies of Halal food based on TPB and TRA). Utility of TPB and TRA examined by recording correlation and regression values among the variables of these theories.
This meta-analysis provides a new literature review on the studies which were scattered. The first step in this process was the description of inclusion criteria for studies to include in this review .Number of papers were empirically studied from 1990-2017 that were based on TPB and TRA in the context of Halal food consumption and purchasing. In this meta-analytic study, universal database and leading academic, peer reviewed highly impact factor journals were included for the review process.
Statistical analysis were conducted by using Comprehensive Meta Analysis (Version 2.0) software. Across studies Meta correlation analysis shows that intention had the strongest relationship with subjective norms (r = .77) followed by Perceived Behavioral control (r = .61) and Attitude (r = .43). Perceived Behavioral control had a stronger relationship with intentions compared with perceived control (r= .16). Habit and Practical barriers had negative relationship with intentions (r = -.06 and -.067, respectively).
The results of Meta regression analysis reveals that Subjective norms show the largest regressive impact on intention to purchase and consumption of Halal food. While Attitude and Perceived Behavioral control shows medium size regressive impact on Intention.
Furthermore Meta correlation and regression results reveals that Perceived availability-Intention, Motivation to comply-Intention, Habit-intention, are not statistically significant and are not correlated and had no regressive impact on intention to consume or purchase Halal food.
TPB and TRA both model are appropriate in determine the consumption behavior or purchasing intention but TPB model seems to be more appropriate for Halal food consumption and purchase intention, as it includes Perceived Behavioral Control. In addition, inclusion of external variables in the framework of TPB increases the validity of TPB. Recommendations for future research includes targeting subjective norms, perceived behavioral control ,attitude, Brand and Halal certification relationships with intentions to increase the purchasing and consumption of Halal food and Meta analysis of other theoretical frame work needed in the context of Halal food.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2931-T] (1).
10.
Factors Affecting The Performance Appraisal Discomfort: A Comparative Analysis Of Public And Private Sector
by Awais ur Rehman (2015-VA-816) | Dr. M Ali Hamza.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of factors related to an individual i-e interdependence, impression management and core self evaluation that cause discomfort in performance appraisal process in dairy sector of Pakistan. In order to accomplish this study, the data was collected through cross sectional survey by using structured questionnaires from two different settings (private and public) and were analyzed with the help of SPSS software. Nestle was taken from the private sector while from public sector Livestock and dairy development department of Punjab was taken to collect data. Total respondents were 200, equally taken from each setting through convenient sampling.
Study indicates that core self evaluation, interdependence and impression management contributes significantly in performance appraisal discomfort. All three independent variables are predicting 50% of the performance appraisal discomfort to evaluators. The study also shows that that in private sector the interdependence and impression management have significant impact on performance appraisal discomfort while core self evaluation has an inverse relation with performance appraisal discomfort on the other hand public sector these factors have no influence on performance appraisal discomfort. The reason of difference in results was the difference in working style of both settings.
Practical implementations for private sector are that evaluators should be more independent from social and cultural pressures. Evaluators should be given more confidence to develop their personality traits of core self evaluation and develop culture of evaluating fairly without any personal advantages. Meanwhile public sector needs to be more focused to organize and develop a culture of performance appraisals in their work environment in order to be more competitive, fair and growth oriented in nature.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2957-T] (1).
11.
How Transformational Leadership Influences Knowledge Sharing Process: Evidence From Pharmaceutical Industry Of Pakistan
by Ayesha Naeem (2015-VA-1320) | Dr. Rab Nawaz Lodhi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The prior research has conceptualized the importance of transformational leadership on knowledge creation process and knowledge sharing behavior and further considered knowledge sharing as a one facet construct (Bryant 2003; Carmeli et al. 2011; Chen and Barnes 2006; Zhao 2014). There exists an infrequent research with respect to the importance of transformational leadership and bi-facet nature of knowledge sharing process (Al-husseini and Elbeltagi, 2016). Some studies used trust as an intervening mechanism on the relationship between transformational leadership and knowledge sharing in different contexts such as in Taiwan (Shih et al., 2012) and Australia (Lee et al., 2010). But the previous literature conceptualized mediating role of trust among transformational leadership and knowledge exchange behavior. Therefore, the current research examine the mediating role of trust on the relationship among transformational leadership and knowledge sharing process (Knowledge collecting and knowledge donating) by sequential explanatory mixed method research in Pakistan Pharmaceutical industry.
Sequential explanatory mixed method research has been used to identify the relationships, at which 295 survey questionnaires responses were initially collected from employees of Pharmaceutical companies of Pakistan. Structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques was applied for measuring direct effects and Bootstrapping technique for indirect effects. While, chi-square difference test was used for mediation evidence. The quantitative findings indicated that transformational leadership play a crucial role in stimulating employee’s knowledge sharing process. Moreover, central role of trust also confirmed full mediation between transformational leadership and knowledge sharing process.
Summary
165
Then, after quantitative findings, the researcher moved to collect qualitative data at which 15 un-structured in-depth interviews was conducted from the same employees who successfully participated in survey. The purpose of qualitative data collection was to elaborate and support the survey findings in more detail. Creswell (2013) six step procedure was applied for coding and analysing qualitative data in computer assisted software Nvivo 11. Many positive sub-themes were emerged which was confirmed that qualitative findings supported the survey results.
The findings of this thesis has offered several important practical implications for Pharmaceutical companies managers that they get awareness about the involvement of their employees in knowledge sharing behaviors in both levels such as in knowledge donating and knowledge collecting. Further, how to exhibit transformational leadership behavior to make their employees involve in knowledge sharing process by reducing their fear of loss. However, this thesis makes significant contributions i.e. both theoretical and methodological in the existing literature by empirically testing how transformational leadership notably impacts on knowledge sharing process via trust by applying mixed method research. Finally, at the end this thesis concluded with limitations and direction for future research. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2932-T] (1).
12.
To Explore The Antecedents And Consequences Of Bullying Among Employees In Banking Sector Of Pakistan
by Fiza Malik(2015-VA-824) | Dr.Rab Nawaz Lodhi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: After the findings and discussion, in this chapter firstly explain the conclusion in which one by one discuss the whole chapters more briefly and discuss the pin points of each chapter and after the conclusion write down the points of practical implications which apply in the organization to change in the culture and then after that discuss the limitations which boundaries are required for the research so then briefly explain the future research and theoretical contribution. In the future research discuss about this research is beneficial because through this every person know about this problem. So this research also makes some change in Pakistani organizations.
So now after the findings come to the conclusion in which conclude the whole topic in the starting of the chapter firstly write down about the background of the subject on investigation in which give the detail about the antecedents and consequences of Bullying and then research work which is require in this area. After that the background of the research problem in which address the gap so in the gap mention the in which context the research work is required and then discuss the research objectives which want to achieve and then research question so then the significance of study because the research work on this study create the knowledge in the employees because mostly not know about this problem and then explain the definitions of organizational factors, environmental factors, individual factors which contribute in bullying and then at the point of completion of first chapter write the structure of thesis.
So next start the literature review this chapter is in which give the evidences which support the research work. So firstly start from the introduction of bullying and then discuss the historical background in which discuss the history of bullying. Then after that explain the contextual
Summary
107
background in which discuss the studies conducted in which context and then explore the antecedents and consequences from this study. Then brief the demerits of workplace bullying how to impact on the life of the employees. Then discuss the growth in Pakistan and then last of this chapter some suggestion for the improvement in the Banking sector.
So after the literature review chapter start the conceptual framework in which firstly discuss the theoretical model in this model write the theories and after that write the relationship of constructs so the relationship among the organizational factor and bullying, individual factor and bullying, bullying and organizational impact, bullying and individual impact.
Now after the conceptual framework chapter come to the materials and methods chapter in which firstly write the paradigms of research and then explain the qualitative research design and after that justification of research design, then unit of analysis which sector is used banking sector and then the sampling procedure is used snow ball and convenience sampling after that data collection method which is used interviews for the collection data, also mention the time frame of the collection of data. So then which method is used for the analysis of data.
So now next move toward the analysis of qualitative data in which analyze the results so firstly explain the bio data of participants in which elaborate the designation and experience in banking sector and after that make the nodes in which mention the numbering of sub nodes under the main node so after that explain which respondents support the sub themes so then analyze the data through the Word cloud, Word Tree and then tree map in which compared the nodes through references.
So then in the findings and discussion chapter in findings how to find out the results in the software discuss the rules of software. In the discussion explain the sub themes with the
Summary
108
reference of the literature and also share the views of participants at the end discuss the own argument so through discuss the sub theme.
These are some implications which are helpful for the modification in the environment of organization and these are helpful for the organization and as well as beneficial for the employees.
Employees must have to create the good environment in the organization because employees create the environment.
This is the duty of management must have to apply some rules to minimize the harassment from the organization.
Conduct the workshops for the more understanding of employees related to this problem.
Managers treat all the employee equally reduce the favoritism factor from the organization.
Hire the employees on merit because mostly prioritize the reference in the organization. The management mostly referred the employees in these cases.
Increase the involvement of employees and then make the strong commitments because through this employee work more confidently.
Management must be motivated and motivating if management is motivated then motivates the employees. Create the example of caring and helping. Provide the guidance to employees on each and every step.
Management also made the policies related to the dress code in the organization and also implements it in the organization as well.
Summary
109
Management must have to encourage the employees and discuss the issues with the employees in a comfortable environment. Polish the employees for the further development.
Give the good salaries to the employees and also give the rewards on the efforts of employees for the further development.
Some are the limitations of this topic which is discussed over here in the shape of points which are also the one of the requirement of this chapter:
Diversity is the main factor because in the organization employee which is working belong to different background so deal the employee separately and according to the behavior and through this factor also create the workplace bullying because employee take time to adjust in the environment of the organization and this is the duty of management to manage the diversity and make some plan and create a conducive environment in which employee feel free to discuss their feelings.
Mismanagement is also the major problem in the contribution of workplace bullying. Because many problems create due to mismanagement. Management support is very important thing to tackle this problem sometimes due to the negligence of management and no take action by management this problem create lot of problem for an employee to survive and work in the organization.
So this research work add some value in future and for the organizations helpful to apply this research because organization take steps to prevent from this bullying. So employees who are unhappy due to this problem and not satisfied with their job apply this research work in the
Summary
110
organizations and follow the rules. So through this process minimize this problem in the organization.
The contribution in this study is the research on this topic is conducted in all the countries except of Pakistan. But now also doing the research work in Pakistan which is the great theoretical contribution in the research work. Explore the antecedents and consequences of bullying among the employees in banking sector of Pakistan. Because mostly in other companies doing the research work on this issue but in banking sector lack of research work. So through the interviews get the results from employees and also explore the factors which contribute in this issue. So this is also the great contribution in research work in which employee during the interview share their experiences, views and opinions.
So now whole of the chapters summarize in this one chapter because through this conclude the whole research work and also provide the track not only management but also the employees and also give some suggestions how to create a conducive and friendly environment in which every person is tension free and enjoy their work rather than to feel pressure. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2962-T] (1).
13.
How Transformational Leadership Influences Knowledge Sharing Process: Evidence From Pharmaceutical Industry Of Pakistan
by Ayeha Naeem(2015-VA-1320) | Dr.Rab Nawaz Lodhi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The prior research has conceptualized the importance of transformational leadership on knowledge creation process and knowledge sharing behavior and further considered knowledge sharing as a one facet construct (Bryant 2003; Carmeli et al. 2011; Chen and Barnes 2006; Zhao 2014). There exists an infrequent research with respect to the importance of transformational leadership and bi-facet nature of knowledge sharing process (Al-husseini and Elbeltagi, 2016). Some studies used trust as an intervening mechanism on the relationship between transformational leadership and knowledge sharing in different contexts such as in Taiwan (Shih et al., 2012) and Australia (Lee et al., 2010). But the previous literature conceptualized mediating role of trust among transformational leadership and knowledge exchange behavior. Therefore, the current research examine the mediating role of trust on the relationship among transformational leadership and knowledge sharing process (Knowledge collecting and knowledge donating) by sequential explanatory mixed method research in Pakistan Pharmaceutical industry.
Sequential explanatory mixed method research has been used to identify the relationships, at which 295 survey questionnaires responses were initially collected from employees of Pharmaceutical companies of Pakistan. Structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques was applied for measuring direct effects and Bootstrapping technique for indirect effects. While, chi-square difference test was used for mediation evidence. The quantitative findings indicated that transformational leadership play a crucial role in stimulating employee’s knowledge sharing process. Moreover, central role of trust also confirmed full mediation between transformational leadership and knowledge sharing process.
Summary
165
Then, after quantitative findings, the researcher moved to collect qualitative data at which 15 un-structured in-depth interviews was conducted from the same employees who successfully participated in survey. The purpose of qualitative data collection was to elaborate and support the survey findings in more detail. Creswell (2013) six step procedure was applied for coding and analysing qualitative data in computer assisted software Nvivo 11. Many positive sub-themes were emerged which was confirmed that qualitative findings supported the survey results.
The findings of this thesis has offered several important practical implications for Pharmaceutical companies managers that they get awareness about the involvement of their employees in knowledge sharing behaviors in both levels such as in knowledge donating and knowledge collecting. Further, how to exhibit transformational leadership behavior to make their employees involve in knowledge sharing process by reducing their fear of loss. However, this thesis makes significant contributions i.e. both theoretical and methodological in the existing literature by empirically testing how transformational leadership notably impacts on knowledge sharing process via trust by applying mixed method research. Finally, at the end this thesis concluded with limitations and direction for future research. Availability: No items available
