1.
Pathology Of Infectious Bursal Disease Following Challenge In Broiler Chicks Vaccinated With Three Different Vaccines
by Mamoon Rashid Chaudhry | Dr. Shakil Akthar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. S. Ata-ur-Rehman | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the pathology of IBD following challenge in broiler chicks vaccinated with three different commercial imported live virus vaccines i.e. [BUR-706 (V1), D-78 (V2) and Bursine-2 (V3)]. A total number of 240 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into eight groups, A through H, each containing 30 birds. Groups A, B and C were vaccinated with vaccines V1, V2 and V3 respectively as per schedule of the manufacturers and were challenged at 30 days of age with the local IBD strain procured from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore intraocularly, while groups D, E, and F vaccinated with the V1, V2 and V3 were kept unchallenged. The group G nonvaccinated but challenged at 30 days of age was kept as control. The group H, which was non vaccinated and nonchallenged also kept as control.
All the birds were challenged at day 37 of experiment, lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus) to body weight indices were determined. These organs were also gross and histopathologically examined. Serum samples of each bird was analyzed for estimation of antibody titre by applying Agar Gel Precipitation technique. The experimental data was statistically analysed by complete randomized design.
The clinical signs like haemorrhages in thigh and pectoral muscles alongwith mucus in intestine were noted only in the group which was non-vaccinated but challenged. Similarly the bursa of Fabricius grossly appeared severely hemorrhagic and atrophied in the birds of group G. But the bursas of the birds inoculated with the intermediate vaccines V1 and V2 were also slightly atrophied. The spleen and thymus of the birds inoculated with the field isolate but non vaccinated were slightly swollen with grey foci on their surfaces.
Histopathological study of the bursa revealed an abundance of plasma cells, macrophages and necrotic areas in the medullary areas of follicles in the group G.
The spleen showed multifocal areas of liquefactive necrosis with lymphocytic depletion in the same group which was kept non vaccinated but challenged. The thymus showed no any marked histologic lesion.
All the inoculated birds were found positive for the Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies.
The statistical analysis of the lymphoid organ: body weight index of bursa showed a highly significant difference in the birds challenged but non vaccinated and the birds either vaccinated challenged or vaccinated nonchallenged and non inoculated birds. The lymphoid organ: body weight indices of spleen and thymus showed non significant difference amongst all the birds. Hence from this study it can be concluded that all three imported vaccines were some what equally efficacious in preventing clinical IBDV infection, except the little immunosuppressive effect of the two intermediate strain vaccines.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0435,T] (1).
2.
Comparative Study On The Incidence And Pathology Of Morbid Conditions Of Uterus And Cervix Of Teddy And Local Non Descriptive Goats
by Yousaf Hassan Khera | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmed Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The project was designed to study incidence and pathology of uterine and cervical maladies in two breeds (Teddy and Local non- descriptive) of goats. Three hundred uteri and cervices (150 from each breed) of goats of three age groups, 1-2 years, 2-3 years and above three years (50 in each group) were collected from Lahore slaughter house and then thoroughly examined for any gross pathological change. The organs exhibiting macropathological lesions were subjected to morphometric, histopathological and histochemical examinations.
Of the 300 uteri and cervices, 35 (11.66%) showed morbid conditions. In 150 Teddy goats, pathological conditions were observed in, 1-2 years age group 4 (8%), 2-3 years age group 7 (14%) and in above 3 years age group 8 (16%). In 150 local non-descriptive goats, gross pathological conditions were present in, 1-2 years age group 3 (6%), 2-3 years age group 6 (12%) and in above 3 years age group 7 (14%). These results showed that incidence of pathological conditions increased with the age of the goats in both the breeds and incidence was slightly higher in Teddy goats than Local non descriptive goats in the same age groups. The following eight pathological conditions namely metritis, pyometra, pigmentation, endometrial cysts, adhesions, fibrosis, hemorrhages and aplasia of uterus were found. The morphometric, gross and histopathological changes of each disease condition of uterine horns, uterine body and cervices were studied. The histochemical evidence of tissue exhibited PAS and alcian blue reactions revealing presence of carbohydrates were also studied.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0440,T] (1).
3.
The Pathology Of Experimental Vitamin A Exess And Deficiency In Broiler Chickens
by Sami Itrat, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This study was conducted on broiler chickens for 7 weeks to investigate the effect of three different dietary levels of vitamin A on different body organs (oesophagus, liver, kidneys and ureters) by studying their weight and pathological lesions. The haematological parameters (TEC, Hb estimation and PCV) were also observed.
The results of the study revealed that vitamin A supplementation at 20,000 lU/Kg feed had beneficial effects on weight of organs such as oesophagus, liver, kidneys and ureters. Whereas vitamin A deficiency had adverse effects on body organs in terms of weight and morphology. No effect of different levels of vitamin A on haematological values.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0447,T] (1).
4.
Effect Of Fermacto On The Function And Morphology Of Liver And Kidneys Of Broiler Chicks
by Tahir Aziz | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the effect of two levels of Fermacto feeding for different durations on general metabolic state of broiler chickens by determining the functional and morphological state of liver and kidneys. One hundred and five day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups viz A through G each containing fifteen birds. Group A was kept as control. To other six groups Fermacto feeding was done at two different levels (2 gm/kg and 4 gm/kg of feed) and for different durations. The experimental period was 42 days. Organ: body weight indices, FCR, gross and histopathological lesions of liver and kidneys, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum total protein and serum uric acid levels and antibody titres against Newcastle disease studied.
The statistical analysis of organ body weight index for left kidney and right kidney showed a highly significant difference between all treated and control groups. The highest mean left kidney body weight index was achieved in the birds of group E. Similarly the highest mean right kidney body weight index was obtained in the birds of group C. Organ: body weight index for liver also showed a highly significant difference between control and treated groups and the highest liver body weight index was achieved in birds of group G. Best feed conversion efficiency was shown by the birds of group B. The gross pathological study of liver and kidneys revealed some nonspecific gross lesions such as slight atrophy, little changes in colour and streaks of haemorrhages in some birds of control and experimental groups. No characteristic histopathological lesion was observed in liver and kidneys of birds except accumulation of RBCs in some birds of control and experimental groups.
The data obtained by the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the concentration of serum glucose and serum cholesterol levels were significantly increased in treated groups than that of control group. Concentration of serum total protein was increased in all treated groups except for C group. But there was no significant difference in serumuric acid levels of all treated and control groups. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against Newcastle disease on zero, 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment showed that geometric mean HI titres of all groups carried no significant statistical difference on any of the above mentioned days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0493,T] (1).
5.
Changes In The Harderian Gland And Respiratory Tract Of The Broiler Chicken Following Intraocular Vaccination And Infection With/Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Amer Jumal, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. M. Asif Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to determine the immune response, macroscopic and microscopic changes in the Harderian gland (HG) and respiratory organs of young chickens reared in well controlled environment following eye-drop vaccination against ND and subsequent challenge with a NDV field strain. This endeavour also represents an effort to raise the curtain on the extent of local and humoral immunity in response to eye-drop vaccination against NDV and also after challenge by two different routes (intraocular and intratracheal).For this project a total of 150 day old broiler chicks were procured from local commercial hatchery. At day one 6 birds were used to determine the maternal antibody titres against ND. On day 7, chicks were randomly subdivided into 6 subgroups Al and A2, Bi and B2, Cl and C2, each subgroup having 24 birds. Three subgroups were vaccinated through eye-dropping against NDV (i.e. Al, A2 and Cl) at 7th and 21st day of age. The other three sub-groups were kept non-vaccinated (i.e. Bi, B2 and C2). Challenge of virulent NDV was administered at 28t1i day of age by two different routes to the different subgroups. Intraocular challenge was given to Al and Bi subgroups and intratracheal challenge was given to A2 and B2 subgroups, whereas Cl and C2 subgroups were kept as control. Determination of antibody response against NDV by heamagglutination inhibition test and gross and histopathology of Harderian glands, trachea and lungs of six birds of all experimental and control subgroups were performed on days 14, 28, 31 and 35 of age. Ocular vaccination engendered higher level of circulating antibodies against NDV but developed poor local protective immunity in tracheal rrucosa. Intratracheal challenge, caused pronounced changes in vaccinateçl birds by eye-dropping in comparison to intraocular challenge, so it can be infered that route of challenge of NDV played a characteristic' role in developing disease to the host vaccinated through eye-droppings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0504,T] (1).
6.
Study On Various Mineral Levels And Pathology Of Visceral Organs Of Broiler Chickens Affected With Leg Deformities
by Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This project was designed to determine the incidence of various leg disorders in commercial broiler chickens and to elucidate the effects of leg deformity on the metabolism of broiler chickens in terms of serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride and also on the morphology of liver, kidneys and pancreas. Fifty leg deformed broiler chickens were collected from 38 different commercial poultry farms in and around Lahore, kasur, Sialkot and Gujranwala Districts.
Out of the observed cases of leg deformity, 18 cases of valgus, 13 cases of slipped gastrocnemius tendon, 9 cases of curly toe, 5 cases of femoral head necrosis, 3 cases of varus and only 2 cases of synovitis were reported. This data of incidence of various leg deformaties were analysed on the basis of age, sex, strain of bird and also on the basis of location of deformity. It was noted that the most frequently encountered leg deformity was valgus. The maximum incidence of valgus occurred at 5th week of age. The males have greater incidence of valgus as compared to females. Hubbard strain had greater incidence of valgus in comparison to other strains of birds.
Unilateral cases of valgus were more common than bilateral. The levels of all minerals were decreased in experimental birds as compared to control ones. The mineral levels of birds affected with valgus deformity showed that there was a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium phosphorus and sodium between the experimental and control groups. But there was a non-significant difference in the levels of potassium and chloride in both the groups. The slipped gastrocnemius tendon was noted frequently at 7th week of age, slightly more in females and all the reported cases were unilateral. Hubbard strain was found to be most liable to slipped tendon. The mineral levels of birds affected with slipped tendon showed a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium, phosphorus and potassium between the experimental and control groups. A significant difference was also noted between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of chloride, but a non-significant difference was recorded between the experimental and control groups in case of serum sodium level. Curly toe was again recorded to its peak in birds of 7 week age, more in males and mostly bilateral. Hubbard strain was found to be the most affected one. The mineral levels of birds affected with curly toe showed a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium and phosphorus between the experimental and control groups. But a non-significant difference was noted between the two groups in cases of serum levels of sodium, chloride, and potassium. Femoral head necrosis was recorded at its highest incidence at 9th week of age, more in males, and all the recorded cases were unilateral. The strain most liable to femoral head necrosis was Indian river. The mineral levels of birds affected with femoral head necrosis showed a highly significant difference in the levels of phosphorus and potassium between experimental and control groups. A significant difference was also recorded between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of calcium. But in the serum levels of sodium and chloride a non-significant difference was obtained between the two groups. Varus was recorded more frequently at 6 and 7 week of age, more in females, and mostly unilaterally although bilateral cases were also noted. Hubbard, Arboracres, and Lohmann strains showed more susceptible behaviour. The mineral levels of birds affected with varus showed a highly significant difference in the level of calcium. A significant difference was also recorded between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of phosphorus and potassium, but a non-significant difference was noted in the sodium level between the two groups. Synovitis was noted mostly between 3 and 6 week of age, more or less equally between males and females. Both unilateral and bilateral cases were seen, and Hubbard and Arboracres strains were found to be more prone to synovitis. The mineral levels of birds affected with synovitis showed a significant difference in the levels of calcium and sodium in the experimental and control groups. But a non-significant difference lies between the two groups.
In all these various types of leg deformities, the macroscopic lesions like, slight enlargement of liver along with discolorization and necrotic areas and in some cases congested livers showing the lesions of perihepatitis were also noticed. The kidneys showed inflammatory signs alongwith urates deposits. A pale fibrosed pancreas showed atrophic changes. The pancreas was the most severely affected organ. In majority of the birds it was severely atrophied presenting a shrunken fibrous band like structure in the convoluted duodenal loop. The colour of these pancreases was white or off-white to pink and were firm in consistency. Microscopically cloudy swellings and severe necrosis were seen in the affected livers. Mononuclear and plasma cell infiltration were also quite evident. Leukocytic infiltration in the interstitial spaces and glomerular region were quite evident. The dilated blood vessels and haemorrhages in tissue spaces were observed. In some of the severely affected cases the glomeruli were enlarged and were less in number as compared to that of normal birds.Lesions of necrosis were also noted in some of the affected kidneys. Pancreas was observed that the acinar cells were atrophied and underwent vacuolation, degeneration and necrosis. The Zymogen granules were almost absent from acinar cells. Heterophil, leukocytic and lymphocytic infiltration were frequently encountered in affected cases. A characteristic change was an inflammatory reaction in one or more pancreatic ducts where the epithelium and fibrous tissues occluded the lumen of the ducts and led to obstruction in pancreatic drainage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0513,T] (1).
7.
Comparative Study Of Different Techniques For Diagnosis Of Lymphoid Leucosis In Commercial Layer Chickens
by Azhar Nazir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study and compare the results of ELISA, impression smears of visceral organs, haematological (TLC and DLC) and histopathological examination for diagnosis of lymphoid leucosis in commercial layers. For this purpose a total of 90 birds were selected from different commercial layer farms, having the history of lymphoid leucosis, age ranged from 5 to 9 months and having enlarged liver and bursa of Fabricious on palpation.
After the selection of birds, their blood was obtained and serum was seprated avoiding the lysis of RBCs. The serum thus obtained was used to detect the lymphoid leucosis antigen with the help of proflock kit of ELISA by KPL USA. Ninety serum samples were put into the ELISA plate well coated with an anti-P27 antibody. The anti-P27 antibody formed a antibody antigen complex. After washing the plate, an affinity purified rabbit anti-P27 peroxidase conjugate was added to each well. The antibody antigen complex remaining from the previous step reacted with the conjugate, brief incubation period was provided and then unreacted conjugate was washed through second wash step. Substrate which contained a chromogen ABTS), was added to each well. Chrornogen colour was changed (from clear to green-blue), which occurred in the presence of peroxidase enzyme. The relative intensity of colour developed in 15 minutes (Compared to control) which is directly proportional to the quantity of P27 antigen in the sample. Now the substrate was incubated, stop solution was added to each well to terminate the reaction. The plate was read using an automatic ELISA reader, which also calculated the SP (sample to positive) values for each sample tested.
The birds having titres of 1000 or above were found positive.
Twenty birds out of total 90 were found positive by ELISA.
These ELISA positive birds were purchased from each farm and the same number of healthy birds from the same flock were subjected to organ body weight ratio and haematological examination (TLC, DLC) and histopathology of positive cases.
The total leukocytic count of the ELISA positive birds showed increase in the leukocytic count when compared with the healthy birds of the same flock. The mean values for ELISA +ve birds of flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 44.93±0.40, 45.90±0.41, 45.90±0.41 and 45.04±0.63, respectively with mean TLC values of 27.32±0.23, 27.38±0.35, 27.38±0.35,27.24±0.29 of healthy birds of flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, where the differential leukocytic count showed mild increase in lymphocytes and basophilis and a marked increase in monocyte. The mean value for lymphocytes of the ELISA +ve flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 57.35±0.14, 57.30±0.15,57.30±0.15 and 57.76±0.44 respectively compared with the healthy birds of flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 which were 56.0±0.20, 56.0±0.29, 56.20±0.29 and 57.44±0.3. The mean basophilic value for ELISA +ve flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1.61±0.60, 1.56±0.24, 1.56±0.24 and 1.48±0.37 respectively, compared with the mean value of healthy birds of flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 which were 1.57±0.68, 1.48±0.68, 1.48±0.59 and 1.60±0.37, respectively.
The mean monocyte value for ELISA +ve flock were 14.50±0.13,14.50±0.10, 14.50±0.10 And 14.56±0.44 for flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, mean value of the healthy birds were 9.19±0.57, 9.10±0.44, 9.10±0.44, 9.10±0.44 For flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
The organ body weight ratio showed a highly significant
increase in the organ body weight indices of affected liver, kidney, spleen, ovary and bursa of Fabricious.
The gross lesions mainly were great enlargement of the liver, spleen, kidney, ovary and bursa of Fabricious, with grayish white, or creamy white foci. In some organ the nodular tumor growth has also seen.
Histopathological studies of the affected birds revealed the infiltration of the lymphoblasts and other blood cells in the affected organ. Areas of necrosis at some places in affected organ were observed. The tumors cells showed the aggrigates of lymphoblast. The impression smears made from the fresh specimen of liver, spleen, kidney, ovary and bursa of Fabricious, stained with Giemsa stain, confirmed the lymphoid leucosis due to the presence of lymphoblast.
Out of 20 positive cases, liver was affected in all the cases, spleen in 18 cases, ovary in 15 cases, kidney in 11 and bursa of Fabricious in 14 cases.
It was concluded that ELISA can be used as a most reliable and effective method of diagnosis in live birds, whereas in dead birds, disease can be confirmed by the presence of lymphoblasts in impression smears of liver and spleen. Blood changes can be use as aid in early diagnosis, whereas histopathology is a time consuming procedure.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0514,T] (1).
8.
Comparative Study On The Effects Of Dietary Aflatoxin And Detoxified Aflatoxin On Functions Of Liver In Commercial
by Kamran Younas Chohan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The effect of dietary aflatoxin and detoxified aflatoxin was studied on postmortem lesion, total serum protein, serum bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT in commercial broiler, which were fed on broiler starter ration upto 21 days. From 21st day to 42nd day they were divided into 5 group and fed toxicated feed along with different treatment. Aflatoxins were produced on corn by moistened it at room temperature for 15 days, and the concentration of aflatoxin in corn was determined through direct ELISA (Brinton, 1987) from a commercial Laboratory. This corn were ground and appropriate amount of this was mixed into broiler finisher ration to generate 70 ppb aflatoxin B1 level.
One hundred day old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and fed on broiler starter ration upto 21 days. At 21st day these were randomly divided into 5 groups, having 20 birds each. Each birds in each. One group was received simple feed, 2nd group was received contaminated feed with aflatoxin B1 70 ppb, 3rd, 4th, and 5th group were received contaminated feed with 70 ppb aflatoxin and treated for detoxification with extrusion, sodium bentonite and Mycofix plus inclusion respectively.
All the birds were thoroughly observed throughout the experimental period to detect any clinical sign deviated from normal. All the birds of each group were slaughtered at the end of experiment at 42nd days their blood was taken for separation of serum and gross postmortem lesions were recorded.
The common clinical symptoms observed in chicken at 70 ppb level were dullness, depression, paleness of combs, wattles and shank. The severity of these symptoms were less in groups feed a diet contaminated with aflatoxin with detoxification with extrusion and Mycofix plus. The group fed diet containing sodium bentonite, normal combs, wattles and shanks. Birds were remained active.
The postmortem changes in the group receiving 70 ppb dietary aflatoxin showed the enlargement of liver, kidney, pancreas and spleen. Haemorrhages were present on pancreas and on intestine. The severity of lesion on these organs were less in groups fed on diet contaminated with aflatoxin with detoxification with extrusion, Mycofix plus and sodium bentonite. The group fed on sodium bentonite added contaminated diet has normal intestine.
The total serum protein in group 2 decreased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed. In group 3 which was treated with extrusion serum protein level also decreased. In group which was treated with sodium bentonite protein level increased and showed much improvement. In group 5 it also increased but less than group 4. Increase was highly significant (P<0.01) at the end of experiment.
The total serum bilirubin in group 2 increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level. Improvement was in group 3,5 and 4 which were treated with extrusion, Mycofix plus and sodium bentonite. Much improvement in group 3 whose feed was detoxified with extrusion process. Decrease was highly significant (P<0.01) at the end of experiment.
The activity of SGOT in group 2 were increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed as compared to control. The activity of SGOT in treated groups were also increased. The treatment means of SGOT differed significantly (P<0.01).
The activity of SGPT in group 2 was increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed as compared to control. The activity of SGPT is treated group were also increased. The treatment means of SGPT differed significantly (P<0.01).
It was concluded from this study that the aflatoxin contaminated feed can be detoxified with extrusion, Mycofix plus or with addition of sodium bentonite. Addition of these in the feed improved the general body condition and liver function of the chickens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0521,T] (1).
