1.
Classification Of Anaemia In Dogs
by Farid Khan | Dr. Javed Rashid | Dr. Aasif | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The present project was designed to investigate various causes and the incidence rate of anaemia and further to classify it on the basis of morphological changes.
Forty dogs were used brought to the Dog Hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. Based on history and clinical examination the dogs were described as anaemic. Fifteen dogs were used as control animals. Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and erythrocyte indices (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) were investigated.
Among forty sick dogs fourteen were found anaemic due to nutritional deficiency, nine due to parvovirus infection, seven were suffering from parasitic infestation, seven had mixed infection and only three had canine distemper. High incidence of anaemia indicated nutritional deficiency.
It is concluded that anaemia in dogs due to parvo virus infection, parasitic infestation and canine distemper is of macrocytic normochromic, due to mixed infections macrocytic hypochromic and nutritional deficiency had microcytic normochromic, normocytic normochromic, normocytic hypochromic and microcytic hypochromic in nature.
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2.
Detection Of Stress Following Vaccination (Eimeria Vaccine) Against Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Asghar Ali | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Haji Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present project was designed to detect the stress following vaccination (Eimeria Vaccine) against coccidiosis in broilers and its management by using multivitamins and aspirin. In this study a total of 160 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups designated as A, B, C and D Group A was kept as non vaccinated, non treated control and group B was vaccinated against coccidiosis but no other treatment was given. While group C and D were vaccinated against coccidiosis and treated with multivitamins vitamins and aspirin respectively.
The parameters studied were heterophil/lymnphocyte ratio, total serum protein, serum glucose, serum cholesterol estimation, for three consecutive post vaccination days. At the end of experiment, on 42nd day, adrenal gland body weight ratio and histopatholor of adrenal gland was performed to assess any change.
In our experiment there was no statistical significant difference among different groups. 1-lowever, group C which was given multivitamins showed maximum weight gain and minimum stress, while the aspirin therapy to the group D did not show any difference with group A and B.
In the adrenal body weight ratio, there was also no significant difference among different groups. No gross and histopathological changes were seen in any group.
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3.
Study On Naturtal Quine Strongylosis And Its Control
by Zahida Qadir | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Two hundred equines of different age, sex and breed were subjected to coprological examination. A total of 65.51% sample were found to be infected with various helminths. Strongyles were the most common parasites and were detected in 58.5% of total faecal samples. The other species identified in this study included P. jprum (2%), Dictyocalus arnifeldi (1.5%), Gafitrodisus aegvuticus (1.5%), Anaplocepha species (1.5%), Strongvloides westeri (1.5%) and Strongyles + Ascaris (1.5%).
The higher infection rate of helminth parasites were observed in spring (78%) and in summer (82%) as compare with autumn (40%) and winter (56%). Highest average EPG of 530 was recorded in summer and lowest EPG of 161 in winter season. Age related susceptibilities indicated a high prevalence of strongylosis in equines of under 10 years of age as compared with horses of more than 10 years of age. A higher egg per gram of the faeces were also recorded in horses of 1-3 years of age (512) as compared with older horses. Males have higher prevalence of helminths (76%) as compared with female (49%). There was no difference in average egg shedding by male (304) and fema1 horses (296).
The anthelmintics efficacy of oxafax, ivomec and farbencja were also evaluated. Forty horses found positive for natural strongyle infection were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A, B and C were dosed with Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda respectively as recommended by manufacturers. Group D acted as non-medicated infected control group. Percent egg reduction test indicated an efficacy of 96%, 98% and 81% for Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda, respectively on day 14 (post-medication). An efficacy of 100%, 96% and 86% were observed for Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda respectively on day 28, Statistically there was a non-significant difference in the efficacy of Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbendazole on days 14 and 28 post medication (P>O.05). However, these drugs showed a significant reduction in average EPG as compared with control group (P >0.05) on both sampling days.
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4.
Effects Of A Live Coccidial Vaccine On Browth Traits And Immune Response In Broiler Chickens
by Azam Ali Nasir | Dr. Javed Rashed | Dr. Asif | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: One hundred day old broiler chicks at the age of two days were randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D. Group B, C and D were vaccinated orally with Cocci-vac on 3rd, 10th and 20th day of age respectively, while group A was kept as non-vaccinated control. At the age of 35 days, all the birds of each group were challenged with coccidial oocysts and the effects of Cocci-vac in controlling coccidiosis in broiler chicks as well as its effects on immune response and growth traits were studied.
The immunogenic effects of Cocci-vac were recorded by challenging the birds with sporulated oocysts. In vaccinated groups (B, C and D) the immunity was better than non-vaccinated control group (A), as there were reduced or no signs of coccidiosis in vaccinated groups. The data obtained from oocysts count per gram of feces showed that the number of oocysts was 28290 and 33830 in group A (control) and 14685 and 16480 in group B (vaccinated) on 7th and 10th day post challenge, while group C had not shown any oocysts count throughout the experimental period. However, group D had shown oocysts count 3240 on 10th day post challenge but not on 7th day. The data obtained from analysis of antibody titers against Newcastle disease on 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment, revealed that the GM HI titers of group A (control) was slightly better (181 and 119.4) than other groups B (168.9 and 104), C (104 and 78.8) and group D (168.9 and 55.7) on 14th and 28th day but the lowest (9.8) in group A on 42nd day than other groups B (14.9), C (19.7) and D (13.9). The gross pathological study of intestine showed serosal changes (inflammation and haemorrhages) and mucosal changes (thickened wall, haemorrhages and blood tinged contents), while liver showed discolouration. These changes were much prominent in group A as compared to group B. Spleen and bursa of Fabricius represented no lesions. The data obtained by analysis of weight gain and FCR showed better weight gain (1614, 1783 and 1720) in groups B, C and D respectively and FCR 2.35, 2.24 and 2.26 in groups B, C and D respectively, in vaccinated groups as compared to control .group 'A' (Weight gain 1301 and FCR 2.45). However, within the vaccinated group C showed the best results.
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5.
Studies On The Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Eimeria Species And Their Effect On Total Serum Protein In Commercial Layers
by Usman Naqi | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Afzal | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the prevalence of Eimerian species in layers of different age groups arid breeds. For the purpose, 500 carcasses of layers were obtained from various sources and brought to the College of Veterinary Sciences Lahore, and opened in Paraisitology Laboratory. Different parts of intestine were examined for the presence of Eimerian species. In addition, to asses the general health status of birds, relationship between oocyst count and total serum protein, 30 different layer farms were selected randomly and from cacti farm 5 birds were subjected to faecal arid blood examination. The faecal samples were checked for the presence of Eimerian. oocysts arid their count par gram of faeces. The serum wan separated from the collected blood sample and total serum protein value was calculated. The managemental factor of these 30 Farms were also recorded.
Five species were isolated from the 500 carcasses on the basis of site of infection, oocyst shape, size, length/width ratio and sporulation time. These specie5 included Simeria tenella 32.40%, C. acervulina 29.62%, C. necatrix 15.68%, C. brunetti 13.59% and C. maxima G.71@.
Out of 30 farms, 13 farms were found positive for coccidiosis. Correlation was found between the values of oocyst count and total serum protein. Five farms showed positive correlation which indicated that there was no significant difference between oocyst count and total serum protein values. Eight farms showed negative correlation indicating significant difference between the relavtive values of oocyst count and total serum protein.
It was found that layers between 3-9 weeks of age were most susceptible to coccidiosis. ESb3 was found to be the most effective and commonly used drug. Among different types of litter being used in the farms, rice husk was found to be the best bedding. Babcock was found to be the most resistant breed in layers. It was also observed that inadequate space provided to the birds, uncontrolled temperature of the farm and inadequate number of drinkers and feeders favoured the infection. Biosecurity measures remained the most important among all the factors.
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6.
Effects Of Two Anticoccidial Drugs With And Without Supplementation Of Vitamins On The Immune System Of Broiler Chickens
by Nazim ud Din | Dr.Khalid Munir Ch | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: This project was designed to investigate the effects of two anticoccidials Ampisol 20% and Esb3 30% with and without supplementation of vitamins (A, D3, E and K3 as "Symodek") on the immune system of broiler chickens. To evaluate such effects the parameters used for study were; effects, on the weights of immuno regulatory organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and liver), organ body weight indices, histopathology of primary lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius and thymus), total and differential leukocytic counts, total serum protein, albumin globulin ratio and immune response to Newcastle disease virus vaccination. A total of 120 chicks, divided into 5 equal groups viz A to E were reared for 42 days. Groups A, B, C, and D were medicated with, Ampisol 20%, Ampisol 20% + Symodek, Esb3 30%, and Esb3 30% + Symodek, respectively while group E was kept as control(no drug medication). All the birds were vaccinated with ND virus vaccine on day 7th and day 2 1st. All the medication, was done through drinking water at the recommended prophylactic dosage levels.
The study revealed that Ampisol 20% had favourable effects on the weights of immunoregulatory organs, and organ (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and liver):bodyweight indices. Esb3 30% had negative effects on these parameters.
Histological studies of primary lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius and thymus) revealed no detrimental effects of different medications except in birds of group C and D given Esb3 30% or Esb3 30% + Symodek, where slight degenerative changes were noted in bursae and thymi.
On day 42 the mean TLC values were slightly lower in birds medicated with Esb3 30% as compared to birds which received Ampisol 20%. On day 42 the mean lymphocytic percentages were higher in groups medicated with Arnpisol 20% as compared to those given Esb3 30%. Vitamins supplementation exerted favourable effects on TLC and DLC values. This study further indicated that mean total serum protein (TSP), mean serum albumin, mean serum globulin and mean A/G ratios were higher in birds medicated Ampisol 20%, than those medicated Esb3 30%. Vitamin supplementation had augmenting effects on these values. On day 28, 35 and 42 the antibody titres in birds medicated with Ampisol 20% were higher than those given Esb3 30%. Vitamin supplementation exerted augmenting effects on the antibody titres.
It is concluded that Ampisol 20% had no immunosuppressive effects rather it exerted favourable effects on the weights of immunoregulatory organs, rpp albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, DLC and HI antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus. Esb3 30% moderately depressed the aforesaid components of immune system. The present study also revealed that vitamins (A, D3, E, K3) supplementation to anticoccidials improved the immune response of birds. However, there is a need for further investigation in this regard, with special reference to immune system of broiler chickens.
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7.
Effects Of Formalinized And Oil Based Hydropericardium Syndrome Vaccines On Haematology & Immunocompetent
by Zafar Abbas | Dr.Javed Rashid | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: This study was designed to find out the effects on haematology (Hb, TLC and DLC), immune response (against NDV vaccine) and on organ body weight indices (liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus) in broiler chickens when given two different HPS vaccines (Formalinized and oil-based HPS vaccines). Morbid livers of chickens affected with naturally occurred hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) were collected from field outbreaks to prepare the HPS vaccines and inoculum. Sixty broiler chicks were divided into three groups (A, B and C), comprising of 20 chicks in each on 10th day of experiment. At 14th day of age, chickens of groups A and B were given f-HPS and o-HPS vaccines, while group C was kept as unvaccinated control. On 28th day of age chickens of groups A, B and C were challenged with HPS inoculum. To study the effects of f-HPS and o-HPS vaccines, blood samples were collected on 12th (pre-vaccination), 26th (postvaccination) and 35th (post-challenge) day of experiment.
Haematological study revealed that f-HPS and o-HPS vaccines had no significant effects on haemoglobin concentration in groups A and B, but its concentration decreased significantly on 35th day in control group-C. Whereas TLC values increased significantly on 26th and 35th day in groups A and B, but decreased significantly on 35th day in group-C. DLC value revealed that there was relative lymphocytosis and heterpenia on 26th and 35th day in groups A and B, whereas eosinophilia on 35th day. While in control group-C there was lymphopenia and eosinopenia along with hetrophHia on 35th day. Antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus vaccine indicated that there was no significant difference in'GMHI titre values among the groups A, B and C. Results of organ body weight indices indicated that in control group-C (unvaccinated) indices of liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were significantly higher than those of groups A and B, whereas no effect was observed on thymic body weight index among groups A, B and C.
The results of this study suggested that f-HPS and o-HPS vaccines had no significant effect on Hb concentration, TLC and DLC values. No significant immuno-modulatory effect was noted on antibody titre against NDV vaccine of these HPS vaccines, whereas significant effect was noted on organ body weight indices of livers, spleen and bursa of Fabricius in group-C as compared to vaccinated groups.
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8.
Studies On Stress Induced Effects In Broilers Following Vaccination (Nobilis Ma5 + Clone 30) Against Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease
by Saima Irum Syed | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Sameera | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This study was intended to detect the stress induced by live, freezed-dried vaccine against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis disease viruses in broilers and to determine the comparative efficacy of vitamins and aspirin to combat it. One hundred and sixty day-old chicks were divided into four group i.e. A, B, C and D having 40 birds each. The birds were kept for 42 days after vaccination with Nobilis Ma5+Clone 30 by eye-droppings on 1st and 22nd day of age. Chicks from group A was kept as control. Group B was given vaccine and no treatment. Group C was given vaccine and only vitamins (Vety Stress-Check). Group D was given vaccine and only aspirin. Ten birds from all groups were randomly selected to collect the serum samples from blood on 1st, 14th, 28th and 42nd day of antibody titre determination.
The following parameters were studied (1) antibody response against Newcastle disease vaccine, (ii) Serum bio-chemical substances (Total serum protein, glucose and cholesterol), (iii) Heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio, (iv) Adrenal/body weight ratio (v) Gross histopathology of adrenal glands and (vi) the economics of the flock.
The live virus Newcastle disease vaccine had no significant stressor effect on any of the above parameters. However, use of vitamins played vital role in combating the vaccination stress, because it showed immuno competent effect and also positive trend in growth traits. That is why this group showed better economic value than the rest of the groups. The effect of Aspirin was also variable.
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9.
Management Of Vaccinal (Nobilis Gumboro D-78) Stress In Broiler Chicks
by Amir Qadeer Nizami | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Kamran | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This project was planned to know the effects of vaccinal stress by infectious bursal disease (IBD) live virus vaccine (D-78) strain and to determine the methods by certain compounds to overcome the stress. Three hundred and thirty (330) day-old birds were reared upto 42 days. Ten birds out of 330 were slaughtered at zero day of the experiment, for estimation of maternal antibody titre. The remaining 320 birds were randomly divided into four equal groups i.e., A, B, C and D. Group A was kept as control. Group B was vaccinated but non-medicated, Group C was vaccinated and treated with vitamins for three post-vaccination days and group D was vaccinated and treated with aspirin for three post-vaccination days. Blood samples were collected on days 14th, 28th and 42nd for detection of antibody titer against IBD. Blood samples were collected from 10 randomly selected birds of each group after 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th day postvaccination. In this project following parameters were studied (i) estimation of serum biochemical substances, (ii) heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio, (iii) estimation of antibody response against IBD vaccine (iv) adrenal gland body weight index, (v) pathological studies
of adrenal glands and (vi) economics of the flock.
It was analyzed whether this management was an economical procedure or not by estimating the expenses, on raising the management of these stressed birds with aspirin and vitamin. It was estimated that aspirin and vitamin both check the stress to a certain extent. The birds expressed vaccination stress for variable period ranging from 1-2 days post-vaccination. In field conditions whether the flock is small or large aspirin and vitamins can be therapeutically given to control the stress and these two agents are not expensive, so they do not have any marked effect on economics of any flock.
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10.
Effects Of Supplementation Of Selenium And Zing Alone And In Combination On The Immune Response Of Broiler Chicks
by Ashfaq Ahmad | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was designed to investigate whether different levels of selenium and zinc alone and in combination in diet had any effect on the immune response of broiler chickens. For this purpose two hundred and twenty five day-old broiler chicks were taken and equally divided into three different trials i.e. A, B and C. Trial A was supplemented with selenium (Se) at four different rates 0.18, 0.5, 1.0 and 0.0 mg/kg in groups Al, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Trial B was supplemented with zinc (Zn) at four different rates 40, 80, 120 an zero mg/kg in groups Bi, B2, B3 and B4, respectively. Trial C was supplemented with Se + Zn at rates of 0.18±40, 0.5±80, l.0±120 and 0.0±0 in groups Cl, C2, C3 and C4, respectively. Immunomodulatory effects o Se and Zn were evaluated by conducting hurnoral immune response against Newcastle disease vaccine (ND vaccine), delayed hypersensitivity reaction, weights of immune organs, growth traits and economy. Highest humoral immune response was observed in groups A3 (Se 1.0 mg/kg), B3 (Zn = 120 mg/kg), C3 (Se = 1.0 mg/kg + Zn = 120 mg/kg). rp1.e groups A4, B4 and 04 which were kept without Se and Zn supplementation had the lowest Immoral immune response. Delayed hypersensitivity index was highest in groups A3, B3 and C3, while lowest in control groups A4, B4 and C4. There was positive effect of Se and Zn on the histopathology of bursa of Fabricius, thyrnus and spleen. Body weight gains were also highest in A3, B3 and C3 and FCR was best in groups A3, B3 and C3. Weights of bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen were also highest in groups A3, B3 and C3, while lowest in the control groups A4, B4 and C4.
On the whole immunomodulatory effects of supplementation of Se and Zn ir combination were better than individual supplementation of Se and Zn.
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11.
A Study On Effect Of Different Antibiotics On The Immune System In Broiler Chickens
by Shahzad Ahmed | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of entrofloxacin and oxytetracyclone on the immune system and blood parameters. A total number of 120 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into three equal groups; A, B and C at therapeutic dosage, each groups contined 40 birds. Group A and B were kept as medicated with enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline respectively, while group C was non medicated. All groups were vaccinated against ND, IBD and HPSon day ( 7, 21), (14,24) and 15 respectively. Groups A and B were medicated at therapeutic dose at 5th to 15th day and 21st to 25th day respectively. The experimental period was 42nd day. On day 42 organ body weight indices, gross lesions on spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and kidneys were observed. Determination of immune response against Newcastle disease, IBD and HPS diseases estimation of blood parameters, DLC, TLC and TEC were conducted on day 1st, 14th 28th and 42nd. Histopathology of spleen, thymus bursa of Fabricius and kidney were also studied.
The study indicated that geometric mean of antibody titre were low in group B (Medicated with oxytetracyline) than group C (medicated with enrofloxacin) and A (control) Gross and pathological lesions were not found in any visceral organ (spleen, thymus, bursal) of groups A, B and C. There were no significant difference in weight of spleen, bursa of Fabricius, thymus and kidney of all group. Total leucocyte count and total erythrocyte count were low in groups B, than A and C on day 14, recorded after 10 day medication. In differential leucocytic count, lymphocyte were increased in group B than group A and C, whilte heterophil were decreased in group B than A and C.
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12.
Effect Of Different Routes Of Vaccination Against Newcastle Disease On Lymphoid Organs Of Broilers
by Rabia Salam | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was designed to compare two routes (intraocular and drinking water) of vaccination against Newcastle disease in terms of protection against velogenic field isolate of NDV by noting immune response and morphological changes in Harderian gland, Bursa of Fabricius and thymus of broilers. This project would also help to evaluate role of Harderian gland to generate local and humoral immunity in response to eye drop and drinking water vaccination against NDV.
For this purpose, a total of 160 day-old chicks were procured from local commercial hatchery. At day 7 birds were randomly divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C, D comprising 40 birds each. Group A and B were vaccinated through ocular and oral route respectively. While groups C and D were kept as control. At day 21, groups A and B were revaccinated through the same routes. At day 28, groups A, B and C were further sub-divided into two subgroups each i.e. Al and A2, Bi and B2, Cl and C2, respectively. Subgroups Al, Bl and Cl were challenged, ocularly while subgroups A2, B2 and C2 were challenged orally with velogenic field isolate of NDV.
Ocular vaccination resulted in higher level of circulating antibodies and increased number of plasma cells in Harderian gland. It can be inferred that ocular vaccination stimulated Harderian gland to produce strong lcal protective immunity both in ocular and oral mucosa.
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13.
Comparative Immunopathological And Immunosuppressive Effects Of Three Different Gumboro Vacine Strains
by Rana Muhammad Ayyub | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was planned to know the comparative immunosuppressive effects of three different Gumboro live vaccine strains on ND vaccination and to choose the least immunosuppressive out of these three vaccine strains.
A total of 100 chicks were divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D), 25 birds in each group. All the birds of all the groups were vaccinated against Newcastle disease on 5th and 21st day of age. Specific IBD vaccine was given to specific groups at l4t1 day and 28th day of age. Group A was given intermediate plus strain vaccine (228 E strain), group B was given intermediate strain vaccine (Strain D78) and group C was given another intermediate strain vaccine (Bursine-2 strain), on both days of IBD vaccination, as per schedule. While group D was unvaccinated control.
Immune organs including bursa, thymus and spleen were examined for their gross and microscopic pathological changes, before and after IBD vaccination. For this purpose, these organs were collected at 13th j7th and 31st days of age. At j3th day, gross and histopathological examination showed no lesions in any case of any group (as so far no IBD vaccine was given ). At 17th and 31st days, gross and histopathological examination revealed more severe lesions in group A, moderate lesions in group B, mild lesions in group C and no lesion in immune organs of group D.
Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed, to study the comparative humoral immunosuppressive effects of these IBD vaccines on antibody titre against ND vaccination, on birds of each group. Statistical analysis showed that 228 E vaccine strain (group A) while, D78 vaccine strain (group B) was less immunosuppressive but, on the other hand Bursine-2 vaccine strain (group C) was least immunosuppressive. No humoral immunosuppression was observed in unvaccinated control group D.
This study suggests the use of Bursine2 strain of IBD vaccine, in a flock at risk of ND infection, as it has least immunosuppressive effect against ND vaccination. Therefore, still the need of the hour is to choose the most proper IBD vaccine strain, among all the available strains in the market, which can provide excellent protection against IBD infection as well as has least immunosuppressive effects on ND vaccination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0775,T] (1).
