101.
Comparative Study On The Effects Of Dietary Aflatoxin And Detoxified Aflatoxin On Functions Of Liver In Commercial
by Kamran Younas Chohan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The effect of dietary aflatoxin and detoxified aflatoxin was studied on postmortem lesion, total serum protein, serum bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT in commercial broiler, which were fed on broiler starter ration upto 21 days. From 21st day to 42nd day they were divided into 5 group and fed toxicated feed along with different treatment. Aflatoxins were produced on corn by moistened it at room temperature for 15 days, and the concentration of aflatoxin in corn was determined through direct ELISA (Brinton, 1987) from a commercial Laboratory. This corn were ground and appropriate amount of this was mixed into broiler finisher ration to generate 70 ppb aflatoxin B1 level.
One hundred day old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and fed on broiler starter ration upto 21 days. At 21st day these were randomly divided into 5 groups, having 20 birds each. Each birds in each. One group was received simple feed, 2nd group was received contaminated feed with aflatoxin B1 70 ppb, 3rd, 4th, and 5th group were received contaminated feed with 70 ppb aflatoxin and treated for detoxification with extrusion, sodium bentonite and Mycofix plus inclusion respectively.
All the birds were thoroughly observed throughout the experimental period to detect any clinical sign deviated from normal. All the birds of each group were slaughtered at the end of experiment at 42nd days their blood was taken for separation of serum and gross postmortem lesions were recorded.
The common clinical symptoms observed in chicken at 70 ppb level were dullness, depression, paleness of combs, wattles and shank. The severity of these symptoms were less in groups feed a diet contaminated with aflatoxin with detoxification with extrusion and Mycofix plus. The group fed diet containing sodium bentonite, normal combs, wattles and shanks. Birds were remained active.
The postmortem changes in the group receiving 70 ppb dietary aflatoxin showed the enlargement of liver, kidney, pancreas and spleen. Haemorrhages were present on pancreas and on intestine. The severity of lesion on these organs were less in groups fed on diet contaminated with aflatoxin with detoxification with extrusion, Mycofix plus and sodium bentonite. The group fed on sodium bentonite added contaminated diet has normal intestine.
The total serum protein in group 2 decreased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed. In group 3 which was treated with extrusion serum protein level also decreased. In group which was treated with sodium bentonite protein level increased and showed much improvement. In group 5 it also increased but less than group 4. Increase was highly significant (P<0.01) at the end of experiment.
The total serum bilirubin in group 2 increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level. Improvement was in group 3,5 and 4 which were treated with extrusion, Mycofix plus and sodium bentonite. Much improvement in group 3 whose feed was detoxified with extrusion process. Decrease was highly significant (P<0.01) at the end of experiment.
The activity of SGOT in group 2 were increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed as compared to control. The activity of SGOT in treated groups were also increased. The treatment means of SGOT differed significantly (P<0.01).
The activity of SGPT in group 2 was increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed as compared to control. The activity of SGPT is treated group were also increased. The treatment means of SGPT differed significantly (P<0.01).
It was concluded from this study that the aflatoxin contaminated feed can be detoxified with extrusion, Mycofix plus or with addition of sodium bentonite. Addition of these in the feed improved the general body condition and liver function of the chickens.
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102.
Effect Of Different Antioxidants In Rice Polishing On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Aziz, M | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The oxidation of rice polishing and complete feed, can significantly decrease nutritional value. The end result is a loss in nutrient quality, impairmeI of health of birds, reduction in performance and increased production cost.
The detrimental effects of oxidation can be minimized by adding antioxidants to rice polishing. Quality antioxidants interrupt the reaction and control subsequent losses in nutrient value. Antioxidant protect the quality of rice polishing and feed as formulated by the nutritionist to achieve maximum growth and feed efficiency.
An investigation was undertaken to study the comparative value of various antioxidants to minimize (Peroxide value, free fatty acid number) the effect of oxidation in rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks. Six experimental rations viz, A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for the said purpose. Ration A served as negative control (Fresh rice polishing without antioxidant), Ration B served as positive control (Rancid rice polishing without antioxidant). Ration C (Feedox) 125 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration D Santoquin 500 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration E Oxistat 125 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration F Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) @ 500 gm/ton of rice polishing.
One hundred and eighty, day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups having thirty birds in each group and which were further subdivided into three replicates comprising of ten birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. Pancreas weight, dressing percentage, mortality percentage and comparative study of antioxidants were determined at the end of experiment. However, the peroxide value of rice polishing at fresh, rancid and on weekly basis was analyzed. The experiment lasts for six weeks.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 5-6 weeks of age were 645.0, 538.33, 655.33,709.17,663.33 and 643.0 gms respectively. Significantly more weight gain (709.17gm) was observed in the birds fed on ration D containing santoquin. Overall total weight gain of birds fed on experimental rations A to F were 1628.8, 1343.7, 1484.2, 1608.8, 1508.1 and 1471.1 gms respectively. However, the results revealed non-significant differences among weight gain of birds.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3063.77, 3082.0, 3277.2, 3247.13, 3360.0 and 3223.33 gms respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration E containing Oxistat antixodant consumed more feed as compared to other rations.
The data on feed efficiency showed that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 5-6 weeks of age were 2.558, 2.756, 2.473, 2.334, 2.590 and 2.540 respectively. Significantly (P< 0.05) better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration D containing Santoquin as compared to chicks fed on ration E containing Oxistat and B containing rancid rice polishing, but there was no difference in the birds fed on ration E, A, F and C. However, the feed efficiency of birds from 0-6 weeks of age fed on experimental rations A to F were 1.969, 2.209, 2.122, 1.943, 2.133 and 2.191 respectively which revealed non-significant difference among the rations.
Present results revealed that weight of pancreas of birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 2.692, 3.735, 3.064, 2.89, 3.232 and 2.839 gms respectively. Significantly more weight of pancreas was observed in the birds fed o ration B containing rancid rice polishing. However, non-significant difference were noticed in the birds fed on other experimental rations.
The peroxide value in rice polishing at first and the end of 6th week of experiment of rations A, B, C, D, E and F 0.8, 61.2, 2.1, 1.4, 2.4 and 2.5, at 6th week 10.3, 80.7, 6.3, 3.3, 5.9 and 7.6 respectively.
It was concluded that Santoquin was the best antioxidant in controlling the oxidation process in rice polishing as compared to other antioxidants, i.e., Oxistat, Feedox and BHT used in the present experiment.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. For further study various antioxidants with various levels and various sources of fat containing ingredients (rice polishing) at various levels of inclusion should be tested.
2. This type of study should be performed with fresh ingredients.
3. Different methods i.e. control of air, moisture, temp. Of storage period, light etc. should adopted to minimize the development of rancidity.
4. Storage duration of rice polishing should be at least six weeks.
5. Storage of feed should be at controlled environment.
6. Processing of rice polishing should be in such a way that lipase enzyme not become active.
7. Santoquin (Ethoxyquin) antoxidant proved to be best in controlling oxidation process in rice polishing i.e. peroxides formation than Feedox, Oxistat and BHT antioxidants.
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103.
Taxonomical Studies Of Prevalent Species Of Eimeria In Broiler Chicks And Comparison Of Immucox (Imported Vaccine) Versus Locally Prepared Vaccine Against Coccidiosi
by Sodaghar Ali Shaker | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The study was designed to identify different species of the genus Eimeria in broiler chicks occuring in poultry farms situated in and around Lahore.
For this purpose one thousand faecal samples were collected from different broiler farms out of which 145 (14.5%) were positive for coccidiosis. Two hundred broiler carcases, suspected to he suffering from coccidiosis were obtained from different diagnostic Laboratories at Lahore. One hundred and ninety out of 200, (95%) were found positive for coccidiosis.
Identification of the species of the genus Eimeria was done and seven species were identified i.e, E tenella 119 out of 190 (62.63%), J. brunetti 27 (14.21%), E. necatrix 13 (6.84%), . acervulina 19 (10%), . maxima 4 (2.10%), . mitis 3 (1.58%) and . praecpx 5 (2.63%).
The second aim of the present study was to compare the immunogenic properties of locally prepared (atlenuated) and imported (live) vaccine (Immucox). For this purpose one hundred and fifty five day old broiler chicks were reared under controlled conditions. They were equally divided into five groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E. Group A was kept as uninfected control. Group B acted as infected control. Group B, C, D and E were infected with 50,000 sporulated Oocysts at day 15, 25, 35 and 45 of age. Group C acted as infected and treated control alongwith 5 days treatment with amprolium, after three days of each primary and challenge doses. Group D received 1000 sporulated formalin treated oocysts orally, at the age of day 3 and day 10. The members of group E received orally imported vaccine (Immucox) at the age of day 5.
Immunogenicity was measured by the passage of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) and by comparative weight gains amongst different groups. It was noticed that no coccidiosis could be established in groups A, C, D and E. The OPG counts remained nil in groups A and C throughout the experimental period. Groups D and E showed moderate counts and Group B showed high counts of OPG. The OPG counts gradually decreased to 35,000, 1200 and 1150 in groups B, D and E, respectively at the end of the experiment.
Average weight gain records showed 430, 150, 332 and 270 gms greater in A, C, D and E groups, respectively at the end of the experiment, as compared to group B.
FCR of group A, B, C, D and E was 2.82, 3.48, 3.11, 2.76 and 2.93, respectively at the end of the experiment. Group D was the best and group B was the worst. Group D depicted full protection and remained second to the uninfected control group (A) in respect of weight gains. Group E also showed complete protection and remained third to the uninfected control group A in respect of weight gains. Inspite of complete protection in group C due to amprolium treatment, the weight gains remained lower than groups D and E. There was no development of exogenous species of Elmeria due to immunization with immucox.
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104.
Effect Of Mating Ratio And Age On Fertility And Hatchability In Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
by Col.Shabbir Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Saleem Chaudhary | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aslam Bhatti.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The present project was planed to study the effect of mating ratio and age on fertility and hatchability in Japanese quails.
The production of fertile eggs was found to relate to the number of males present in a flock. Fertility and hatchability of eggs was directly influenced by sex ratio and age of birds. However, very little information in this regard is available.
One hundred and seventy four males and four hundred twenty six females quails of 4 weeks age were purchased from the local market. They were divided into five equal mating groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E comprising 120 quails in each group. Each group was further divided into 2 sub groups i.e. Al, A2, Bi, B2, Cl, C2, Dl, D2 and El, E2. The mating ratio of males and females in the respective groups was 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. Birds were reared for a period of two weeks i.e. 5-6 weeks of age under similar environments on floor, then they were transferred to battery cages and were kept there upto the age of 16 weeks.
To assess the ideal parental age for optimal fertility and hatchability, hatching eggs from a single hatch breeding flock between 7 and 16 weeks of age were set twice in a week The mean hatching performance of the eggs set during 7 to 8, 9 to 10, 11 to 12, 13 to 14 and 15 to 16 weeks of age were recorded separately.
The unhatched eggs were opened on the day 18 and examined
macroscopically to identify the infertile eggs, embryonic mortality, fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs set were calculated.
Identical environmental and managemental conditions were provided to all the experimental birds. They were fed on commerca1 ration -libitum. Clean and fresh water was made available at all times. Light was provided 24 h during rearing time and 16 h during breeding period. Standard rearing, breeding and hatching management procedures were followed throughout the study period.
The following data was recorded:
Weight of birds at the start of experiment, Feed consumption, Average body weightlbirds on weekly basis, Feed conversion ratio, Mortality if any, Fertility percentage and Hatchability percentage.
The data collected was statistically analysed using 5 x 5
Factorial design.
The quail chicks at 4 weeks age weighed on an average 98 gm/bird and within a period of two weeks rearing gained on an average a body weight of 134.1 gm/bird. The weight gradually increased with age. The final body weight at the age week 16, under ratio 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 was 130.5, 186.5, 188.0, 189.5, 191.5 and 193.5 gm respectively, the overall mean value being 189.8 gm/bird.
The difference in average weight/bird in various groups has been due to the difference in the number of females. The females weighed heavier than the males consequently the groups having smaller number of females were lighter in weight than the groups having higher number of females.
The percentage weekly increase in body weight was 37.6, 12.76 and 8.27% at age weeks 7, 8 and 9 respectively. Further increase in body weight from age week 10 to 16, ranged between 0.9 and 4.7. The rearing of Japanese quail beyond age weeks 8 or 9 for meat purposes will not be economical. The egg fertility was the highest at age weeks 13-14 (80.73%) followed by 15-16 (72.34%) 11-12 (7 1.12%), 9-10 (63.57%) and 7-8 weeks (56-20%), all being statistically different from one another. The mating ratio (1:1 to 1:5) showed statistically significant effect on egg fertility, which ranged between 58.16 to
8 1.12%, the maximum being at mating ratio of 1:2 and the minimum at 1:5.
The mating ratio and age have been found to have significant effect on egg hatchability, it was maximum at age weeks 13-14 (67.46%) and the minimum at age weeks 7-8 (41-23%). Similarly mating ratio 1:2 resulted in the maximum (66.08) and mating ratio 1:5 showed the minimum (48.73%) egg hatchability.
The results of present study have led to the conclusion that egg fertility and hatchability were highest at age week 13-14 and at mating ratio 1:2.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0537,T] (1).
105.
Comparative Efficacy Of Oxyclozanide, Rafoxanide And Bithionol Sulphoxide Against Paramphistomiasis In Buffaloes
by Umar, M | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was designed to test the anthelmintic efficacy of oxyclozanide, Rafoxanide and Bithionol suiphoxide against paramph istomiasis in naturally infected buffaloes. The comparative anthelmintic trials were conducted among Nilzan drench - Id (Oxyclozanide 3.0% + Levamisole 1.5%,), Fasifree - Prix (Rafoxanide 30 mg/mI), Irchasol - Medivet (Bithionol sulphoxide 10% + Levamisole 1.5%) and Nilverm drench - ICI (Levamisole 1.5%) against paramphistomiasis in buffaloes.
Seventy five naturally infected buffaloes were selected and divided into five equal groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E containing 15 animals each. Each animal of group A was given Nilzan drench (lml/2kg body weight), group B was given Fasifree (lml/4kg body weight), group C was given Irchasol (lml/2kg body weight), group D was given Nilverm (lml/2kg body weight), while group E was kept as control. The efficacy of anthelmintics was evaluated by counting eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces on day 7, 14 and 21 post-medication.
The mean efficacyh of Nilzan drench was 97.29%, mean efficacy of Fasifree was 98.5% and of Irchasol was 85.56% while Nilverm did not have any effect for the treatment of Paramphistomiasis in buffaloes under field conditions.
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106.
Biological Availability Of Betafin For Methionine Sparing In Broiler Chickens
by Majid Rafique | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Athar | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Methionine is one of the dietary essential amino acid. In formulating poultry rations methionine is generally deficient and thus supplemented to fulfill the requirement. The level of melhioiiine, recommended by NRC for maximum growth and feed effIciency, estimated as 0.5% in starter and 0.42% finisher rations, respectively. in the body niethionine can also be synthesized from homocysteine through transmcthylation reaction. For methionine to be synthesized, methyl groups are required. Cholinels known as a methyl group donor in the body. But it has to be activated and converted to betaine before methyl groups are liberated. Betafin (Betain Anhydron), a commercial product is available, used to spare choline and methionine in poultry rations.
The experiment was designed to evaluate biological availability of Belafin for methioiiine sparing in broiler chickens. For this purpose 250 day 01(1 chicks were taken, divided into five groups, i.e. (A, B, C, I) and E), then these were further subdivided into five replicates each. Five starter and finisher rations (A) Adequate methionine (B) low methionine LM (C) LM + choline (D) LM + Betafin 1:1 and (E) LM -I- I3etafin 1:2; formulated and fed to their respective groups. The experiment lasted for 42 days in two phases i.e. (Starter and Finisher).
The parameter studied were (1) Feed intake (2) Weight gain (3) Feed conversion ration FCR (4) Mortality (5) Dressing percentage (6) Economics.
Average feed intake per bird was 3942±63.08, 3609±44.75, 3439.21±28.28, 3763.36±58.04 and 3775.46±48.35 (P <0.05), weight gain 2127.59±23.59, 1732.78±4 1.32, 1720.00±34.96, 1911.02±47.16 and 1890.76±39.75 grams (P <0.05), FCR 1.84 ±0.0322, 2.08±0.032, 1.99±0.026, 1.99±0.024 and 1.99±0.025, (1'<0.05), Dressing percentages were observed non-significant (P>0.05), for groups i.e. (A, B, C, D and E) respectively. The adequate methionine (A) feed had higher price per unit, but had significantly higher weight gains and better feed efficiency.
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107.
Comparative Efficacy Of Vetimast (Cibageigy), Tetra Delta (Upjohn) And Akamycin-D (Selmore)Against Mastitis In Buffaloes Under Field Conditions
by Razzaq, A | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Khushi | Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was undertaken to study the effectiveness of 3 different intramammary preparations in buffaloes suffering from clinical mastitis in the viscinity of Lahore and District Kasur. From these cases causative organisms were isolated and j vitro sensitivity was tested with 3 corresponding antibiotic discs and chemotherapeutic trials were conducted in the field.
The following salient results were obtained:
1. Out of 45 milk samples of mastitic buffaloes examined, 53.33 percent were due to staphylococci, 40 percent due to streptococci and 6.66 percent due to gram -ye rods.
2. Among 53.33% strains of staphylococci, 83.33% were sensitive to cefacetrile (Vetimast) while remaining 16.67% were resistant.
3. 83.33.2 percent staphylococci, 83.3% of streptococci and 100% of gram -ye rods were sensitive to Tetra-delta.
4. 75 percent staphylococci, 83.33 percent streptococci and 100% gram -ye rods were sensitive to Gentamycin.
5. 88.88 percent streptococci and 100% E. coli were sensitive to Cefacetrile (Vetirnast). Remaining 11.12 percent of streptococci were resistant to Cefacetrile.
Ten buffaloes (Group-A) were treated with 235 mg of cefacetrile, 5 bufffaloes (50%) got cured after 7 days of the end of the therapy and 2 more (20%) animals got cured after 14 day of therapy.
Ten bufffaloes (group-B) were freated with TGtra-delta, 5 (5Ob)
cured after 7 days of the end of treatment and 3 more buffaloes (30%) got cured after 14 days.
Similarily, 10 animals (Group-C) were treated with Akamycin-D by intramammary infusion, 4 buffaloes (40%) got cured after 7 days of therapy and 2 more animals (20%) got cured after 14 days of the end of treatment.
In the present study, the total financial losses of about Rs. 43660/has been estimated to be caused by clinical mastitis in buffaloes. These losses are preventable by effective chemotherapeutic and control measures. Clinical trials conducted under field conditions in treating the clinical mastitis in buffaloes have shown that tetra delta is efficacious and economical, as it is cheaper and single dose treatment as compared to vetimast and akamycin-D which are expensive.
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108.
Comparative Efficacy Of Buparvaquone And Oxytetracycline Against Theileriosis In Cattle And Their Effect On Blood
by Sarvat Yab Khan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Theileriosis is a serious disease of the cattle which is caused by species of Theileria resulting in death due to severe anaemia. The present study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of buparvaquone (Butalex, ICI) and oxytetracycline (Terramycin 100 PVP) and their effect on various blood parameters, viz, total erythrocytic count (TEC), total leukocytic count (TLC), packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin estimation (Hb) in and around Lahore.
Thirty infected cattle showing clinical signs of Theileriosis (diagnosed based on blood smear examination) were used in this study. These animals were randomly divided into 3 groups designated as A, B and C comprising 10 animals each. Besides this 10 healthy cattle were kept as control as group D.
Haernatological examination revealed a significant decrease in the erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin level of the infected cattles. Total leukocyte count was also decreased. Animal of group A was treated with single intramuscular injection of Butalex at the dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of the drug was 90 per cent. There was marked increased in the erythrocyte, leukocyte, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration.
Group B was treated with intramuscular injection of Terramycin 100 PVP at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of the drug was 40% and there was slight increase in the haematological values. riThe haematological values of group C were much more decreased while in group D, these values were just same.
From this study, it is concluded that buparvaquone 2.5 mg/kg body weight (Butalex ICI) is the drug of choice for the treatment of Theileriosis under field condition in our country.
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109.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Formaldehyde And Heat Treatment On In Situ Degradation Of Different Vegetable
by Faran Hameed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Protein is one of the most expensive constituents of the ruminant's diet. Under many feeding regimes most of the dietary protein fed to ruminants undergoes extensive modification due to microbial activity in the rumen and the nitrogen used in the synthesis of microbial protein. Consequently, nitrogenous compound with low biological values are upgraded. Conversely a protein having a high availability and biological value in the non-ruminant may be altered in the rumen to lower availability and biological value, or both. (Peter et al. 1971).
The rumen micro-organisms cannot synthesize enough protein to support high level of milk production in lactating cow. Good quality dietary proteins, therefore, should be protected from rumen degradation to improve its bypass value. Different methods have been used to overcome the degradation of protein in the rumen. Of which the two methods i.e. treatment of protein with "Heat" and "Aldehydes" are widely used.
The present study was conducted to determine the bypass values of different vegetable protein meals for ruminants using nylon bag technique on fistulated male buffalo calf. The protein sources were subjected to heating through autoclaving and treated with formaldehyde at various levels. To evaluate their effects, the in situ protein degradation was determined.
It was found that 24 hours incubation in the rumen was the optimum time for digestion of all vegetable protein meals. The data was subjected to statistical analysis only at 24 hours incubation time. Both autoclaving and formaldehyde had significant effect in protecting proteins from rumen degradation of all vegetable protein meals.
Maximum bypass protein value i.e. 97.09 percent of maize gluten meal (60%) was achieved at 1 percent fonnaldehyde treatment as compared with control i.e. 66.82 percent. It was concluded that formaldehyde treatment at 0.5 percent level was better and economical for maximum protein protection of maize gluten meal (60%).The autoclaving treatment of maize gluten meal (60%) for 30 minutes may be considered to be optimum for protein protection. By comparing two treatments it was also concluded that formaldehyde treatment is more effective and economical as compared to autoclaving in case of maize gluten meal (60%).
The bypass protein value of rapeseed meal was observed to be 19.62 percent. The maximum protein protection was observed i.e. 78.0 percent unit increase in bypass protein value at 1.5 percent formalin treatment and this level was found to be the best. Sixty minutes autoclaving of rapeseed meal could be considered the best. While comparing both treatments, formaldehyde treatment was found better than autoclaving.
Maximum rumen undegradable protein (RUP) value of sunflower meal i.e. 79.25 percent was observed at 1.5 percent formalin treatment as compared to control i.e. 7.15 percent. It was recommended that formaldehyde treatment at 0.5 percent level was better and economical for achieving higher RUP value. It could be concluded that autoclaving treatment of sunflower meal for 45 minutes was effective and economical for protein protection. While formalin treatment was noted to be better than autoclaving.
Maximum protected protein value of cottonseed meal was noted to be 50.59 percent at 1 percent formalin treatment as compared to untreated i.e. 20.60 percent. It may be advised that formalin treatment at 0.5 percent of cottonseed meal was optimum and economical to achieve maximum protected protein value. Autoclaving treatment for 60 minutes of cottonseed meal was the best in protecting protein from rumen degradation. It was evident that autoclaving treatment was better than formalin treatment in case of cottonseed meal.
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110.
Comparative Studies On The Incidence Of Gastro Intestinal Parasites Of Sheep And Goats And Their Effect On Different Blood
by Najeeb ur Rehman | Dr. M. Afzal | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Akram | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: A study of gastro-intestinal parasitism alongwith isolation and identification of the parasite species affecting Demani sheep and goats in and around district Dera Ismail Khan was conducted in the months of May, June, July and August, 1998. For this purpose 96 gastro-intestinal tracts of sheep and goats (48 from each) were collected from the slaughter houses of D.I. Khan and adjoining areas.
The overall incidence of gastro-intestinal parasitism in sheep and goats was found to be 67.60 and 55.81%, respectively. Overall incidence of Trernatodes (22.91 and 18.75%), Cestodes (25 and 33.33%) and Nematodes (52.08 and 47.91%) was found in the said animals, respectively.
Month-wise prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasitism was also carried out which was the highest in the month of August. Fifteen different species of parasites were isolated and identified which include:
Paramphi stomum cervi (18.75 and 12.5%), Cotylophoron cotylophorum (4.16 and 6.25%), Moniezia expansa (16.66 and 10.41%), Moniezia benedeni (6.25 and 16.66%), Avitellina centripunctata (0 and 16.06%), Haernonchus contortus (27.08 and 14.58%), Oesophagostomum venulosum (8.33 and 0%), Trichuris gyj (20.83 and 31.25%), Ostertagia circumcincta (8.33 and 10.41%), Trichostrongvlus colubriformis (6.25 and 0%), Trichostrongvlus vitrinus (6.16 and 6.25%), Trichostron&vlus axel (2.08 and 8.33%), Nematodirus spathiger (12.50 and 0%), Cooperia curticel (18.75 and 0%), Strongvloides papillosus (6.25 and 0%) in sheep and goats, respectively.
The relationship between the seasonal conditions and occurrence of gastro intestinal parasitism showed close correlation.
The findings of haematological studies showed that there was decrease in haernoglobin contents, TEC, PCV, TLC, and increase in ESR both in sheep and goats under the effect of gastro intestinal parasitism. The values of differential leukocytic count were variable both sheep and goats. Most of the haematological disturbances of different blood parameters in both sheep and goats were proved to be statistically significant, particularly TEC, Hb level and ESR. Whereas the percentage of basophils and monocytes was not affected.
From the results of the presents study, it may be concluded
that the incidence of gastro-intestinal parasitism in sheep and goats warrants that rational treatment and preventive measures must be adopted to safeguard our valuable livestock from these serious parasitic infections. It is also evident from the results that gastrointestinal parasitism adversely affects the blood components in sheep and goats which may lead to anaemia, loss of growth and loss of production resulting into depreciation of quality of milk, meat and wool.
Therefore it should be considered as top priority to educate the farmers for following a strict deworming programme amongst their animals to get rid of detrimental parasites. This will ultimately be useful in producing healthy and profitable livestock, which will not only fulfill our protein requirements but also help for foreign exchange earnings.
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111.
Upgrdation Of Nutritional Value Of Deoiled Rice Polishing By Different Chemical Treatments For Its Use In Poultry
by Saeed Ahmed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Shakil.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Two hundred and forty (240) day old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F. Each group comprised of 45 chicks except group A which was control and fed commercial ration comprised of 15 chicks with 3 replicates of 5 chicks each. Groups B, C, D, E and F were fed on raw, HC1, NaOH, 11202 and Kemzyme treated deoiled rice polishing, respectively. Each group was sub-divided into 3 sub-groups with 10%, 20% and 30% deoiled rice polishing. Each sub-group was comprised of 15 chicks 3 replicates of 5 chicks each.
The present study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of the deoiled rice polishing by treating it with various chemicals such as HC1, NaOH, H202 and Kemzyme. One group was control i.e. without any treatment of deoiled rice polishing.
Overall results showed that feed efficiency at 10% level was better with HC1 and H202 treatments of deoiled rice polishing. At level feed efficiency was better with HC1, NaOH, 11202 and Kemzyme treatments of deoiled rice polishing. At 30% level feed efficiency was better with 11202 and Kemzyme treatments.
The findings of present study suggest that deoiled rice polishing can effectively be used in broiler diet at 20% level by treating it with 0.4N HC1. Whereas at 30% level the rations become uneconomical due to use of oil to compensate energy value.
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112.
Improvng Phosphorus Availability In Broiler Feed By The Supplementation Of Phytase Enzyme
by Hammad Raza | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Muhammad | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The phosphorus availability in broiler ration was improved by the supplementation of phytase enzyme. A unit of phytase is defined as the quantity of enzyme that liberates LU. mol of inorganic P/mm. from 5.1 mm sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and 37°C. Six weeks old forty (40) broiler birds were housed in individual cages in a room maintained with standard conditions. Birds were randomly divided into four groups having 10 birds each including control group. The following level of phytase were used 0, 300 U, 600 U, and 900 U. A preliminary period of 7 days was observed to remove the effect of previous diet and then feed intake and production of excreta was measured quantitatively per pen over three consecutive days.
By the supplementation of the different levels of phytase enzyme the P availability was significantly (P<0.01) increased in different groups. Maximum phosphorus availability was achieved in D groups similarly minimum P availability was achieved in A group (control). rphe data was statistically analyzed by using the complete randomized block design highly significant (P<0.01) difference was observed in various rations. For the comparison of means DMR test was applied which showed significantly (P<O.O1) higher P availability in ration D as compared to the remaining rations (A, B and C). The control ration was economical ration in this experiment. By supplementing phytase the cost of the ration was increased. rrhe results of present study proved that use of phytase is uneconomical but maximum phosphorus availability could be achieved by using the phytase enzyme in poultry rations.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0568,T] (1).
113.
Prevalence Of Ascaridiosis In Domestic Pigeons, Its Chemotherapy And Effect On Blood Parameters In Lahore
by Imran Ali | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the prevalence of Ascaridia çolumbae in domestic pigeons and its chemotherapy with two anthelmintics to see the efficacy of two drugs and effect on some blood parameters (TLC and DLC).
To find out the prevalence, fifty pigeon shops and houses of pigeon owners were visited in and around Lahore each month. A total of 150 samples from June to August 1998 were collected. An overall prevalence recorded in domestic pigeons was 60 percent. It was highest (72%) in August and lowest (58%) in July. The prevalence of infection was higher in birds raised under unhygienic and poor managemental conditions.
For drug efficacy and haematology, 60 pigeons were purchased from local market and divided into 4 groups comprising of 15 birds each and grouped as under:
Group A (15 birds) infected and medicated with Albenzole.
Group B (15 birds infected and medicated with Chanazole.
Group C (15 birds) infected and non-medicated (control)
Group D (15 birds) Non-infected and non-medicated (control).
Three samples of faeces and blood were collected from each group on zero day, 7th day, 12th day of medication. In group A, egg count decreased to 60.8% and 96.70% on 7th and 12th day of medication respectively. In group B, egg count decreased to 68.60% 86.0% on 7th and 12th day respectively. While in group C, egg count increased to 7.70% and 218% on 7th and 12th day of medication. Group D, remained free from infection and non-medicated throughout the experiment and kept as control. As regards the efficacy of drugs, the Albenzole was found highly effective and reduction percentage was 96.70 eggs ocr gram of faeces. While in Chanazole reduction percentage was 86.0. Total leukocyte count in group A, B and C increased on zero day, 7th day and 12th day of medication. In group 0, total leukocyte count remained constant throughout the experimental period.
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114.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Strongylosis And Its Effect On Various Blood Parameters In Horses
by Abid Saleem | Dr.Khalid Pervez | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the prevalence of strongylosis, to test the anthelmintic efficacy of Albendazole, Oxfendazole and Piperazine and to study the effect of strongyloids on blood parameters.
For this purpose the faecal samples of one hundred and twenty horses were processed through coprological examination. Out of 120 horses 68 were found positive, so the prevalence of strongylosis was recorded as 56.66%. Out of the positive animals, 60 were randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D comprising of 15 animals in each group. Each animal of group A was given Farbenda (7.5 mg/kg body weight), group B was given Oxafax (10 mg/kg body weight), group C was given Coopane (0.2 g/kg body weight) while group D was kept as control (untreated). The efficacy of anthelmintics was evaluated on the reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces on 7th, 14th and 21st day post-medication. Efficacy of Farbenda (Albendazole) was 64.2%, 53.1% and 42.1% on 7th, 14th and 21st day, respectively. Efficacy of Oxafax (Oxfendazole) was 100%, 98.7% and 98.1% on 7th, 14th and 21st day, respectively. Efficacy of Coopane (Piperazine) was 52.3%, 38.8% and 28% on 7th, 14th and 21st day, respectively. It was concluded from above results that Oxfendazole was found the most effective than Albendazole and Piperazine, while Albendazole showed better efficacy than Piperazine.
Haematological parameters showed significant reduction in total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) level and packed cell volume (PCV) while total leukocyte count (TLC) remained within normal limits.
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115.
Studies On The Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Eimeria Species And Their Effect On Total Serum Protein In Commercial Layers
by Usman Naqi | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Afzal | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the prevalence of Eimerian species in layers of different age groups arid breeds. For the purpose, 500 carcasses of layers were obtained from various sources and brought to the College of Veterinary Sciences Lahore, and opened in Paraisitology Laboratory. Different parts of intestine were examined for the presence of Eimerian species. In addition, to asses the general health status of birds, relationship between oocyst count and total serum protein, 30 different layer farms were selected randomly and from cacti farm 5 birds were subjected to faecal arid blood examination. The faecal samples were checked for the presence of Eimerian. oocysts arid their count par gram of faeces. The serum wan separated from the collected blood sample and total serum protein value was calculated. The managemental factor of these 30 Farms were also recorded.
Five species were isolated from the 500 carcasses on the basis of site of infection, oocyst shape, size, length/width ratio and sporulation time. These specie5 included Simeria tenella 32.40%, C. acervulina 29.62%, C. necatrix 15.68%, C. brunetti 13.59% and C. maxima G.71@.
Out of 30 farms, 13 farms were found positive for coccidiosis. Correlation was found between the values of oocyst count and total serum protein. Five farms showed positive correlation which indicated that there was no significant difference between oocyst count and total serum protein values. Eight farms showed negative correlation indicating significant difference between the relavtive values of oocyst count and total serum protein.
It was found that layers between 3-9 weeks of age were most susceptible to coccidiosis. ESb3 was found to be the most effective and commonly used drug. Among different types of litter being used in the farms, rice husk was found to be the best bedding. Babcock was found to be the most resistant breed in layers. It was also observed that inadequate space provided to the birds, uncontrolled temperature of the farm and inadequate number of drinkers and feeders favoured the infection. Biosecurity measures remained the most important among all the factors.
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116.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Lysine In The Vegetable Protein Based Diets On The Performance Of Male And Female Broilers
by Ahsan ullah Mir | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr.Muhmmad | Mr.Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0574,T] (1).
117.
Comparative Efficacy Of Herbal Diretics For The Elimination Of Toxins And Oedematous Fluids From Broiler Chickens
by Ovais Omer, M | Dr. M. Sabir | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. M. Razzaq Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Presently a number of diuretic drugs are being used in poultry under the name of "flushers". These drugs play an important role in poultry disorders especially in cases of nephritis, urates deposition, restoring normal functions of kidneys by eliminating toxic substances and extra ffufi1 (o cigrr conditions. rlthe present study was undertaken to determine the comparative efficacy of locally prepared herbal diuretic mixture and commercially available herbal diuretic named "Nephrobiotic-DM".
For the purpose, one hundred day-old chicks were kept and divided into five groups namely A, B, C, D and E. Groups A, B and C were given herbal diuretic mixture at different concentrations in drinking water. Group ID was given Nephrobiotic-DM in drinking water and the birds of group E were provided with normal water, being the control. The comparative efficacy of these diuretics was studied by evaluating the droppings moisture percentage, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), water intake, total serum protein, blood urea, weight gain and certain electrolytes in broiler chickens.
In this study no change was observed in the total serum protein, feed and water consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR). But significant changes were seen in the blood urea, serum sodium, potassium and dropping's moisture percentage. Body weights
achieved by the chicks remained normal.
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118.
Protective Effect Of Diltiazem Hydrochloride On Occurrence Of Alloxan Induced Diabetes In Rabbits
by Azeem, M | Dr.Muhammad Razzaq Ali | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Sabir.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: An investigation was carried out to study the protective effect of calcium channel blocker i.e. diltiazem hydrochloride on occurrence of alloxan diabetes in rabbits and also to see the protective effect of a herbal mixture of medicines, i.e. Kalonji, Kasni and Maithee on occurrence of alloxan induced diabetes in rabbits.
For this purpose, 20 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D, comprising 5 rabbits in each and were provided food and water libitum.
Each of the members of group A (control) were given 150 mg/kg body weight alloxan intravenously into ear vein. These animals were given food and water libitum for two days, then they were fasted over night and blood samples were collected for estimation of glucose and total protein.
The results obtained showed significant increase in blood glucose level subsequent to the administration of alloxan. There was no change observed in total protein.
The rabbits of group B were given 20 mg/kg body weight of Diltiazem hydrochloride intraperitoneally and after 15 minutes alloxan was administered intravenously. The results obtained showed significant increase in blood glucose level and no effect on total protein.
Similarly the rabbits of group 'C' were given 40 mg/kg body weight of diltiazem hydrochloride intraperitoneally and then after 15 minutes 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan was administered intravenously into ear vein. Blood samples showed significant decrease in blood glucose level and no effect on total protein.
While rabbits of group-D were given 2 gm/kg body weight of herbal mixture orally, and then after two hours alloxan was administered intravenously. The data showed a significant rise in blood glucose level and again no effect on total protein. This showed that the herbal mixture had no protective effect.
From this result, it is conceivable that diltiazem hydrochloride showed protective effect on occurrence of alloxan induced diabetes in rabbits and there was no effect on total protein whereas the herbal mixture did not have protective effect.
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119.
Protective Effect Of Indomethacin On Alloxan Induced Diabetes In Rabbits
by Razaq Waria, M | Dr. Muhammad Sabir | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: An investigation was undertaken to study the protective effect of indomethacin and powdered Cuminum nigrum Linn. Seeds (Kala zeera) on alloxan induced diabetes in rabbits.
Thirty healthy rabbits were kept in animal house of College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. These rabbits were randomly divided into six groups A, B, C, D, E and F comprising of 5 rabbits in each and were provided food and water aci-libitum.
Group A was kept as control which was given alloxan (150mg/Kg body weight) without prior administration of indomethacin or Kala zeera. Group B rabbits were given 10 mg/Kg body weight indornethacin intraperitoneally, 15 minute prior to alloxan administraiton intravenously of 150mg/Kg body weight. Group C was given 20mg/Kg body weight of indomethacin intraperitoneally 15 minute prior to alloxan administration intravenously of 150mg/Kg body weight. Group D rabbits were given powdered Cuminum nigrurn 2gm/Kg body weight orally 2 hours prior to alloxan administraiton intravenously of 150mg/Kg body weight. Group E was given only 10mg/Kg body weight of indomethacin intrperitoneally and its effect was noted. Group F was given only 25mg i.e. 0.5m1 NaHCO3 5% intraperitoneally to see its effect.
The animals were sampled for glucose and protein estimation after zero 24, 48 and 72 hours. Before taking the samples animals were fasted overnight. Their blood glucose levels were estimated by glucorneter and total serum protein was estimated by Biuret method. Group A showed marked increase of blood glucose level and had not effect on total protein. Group B did not show protective effect on blood glucose level and no change in total serum protein level, while group C showed significantly protective effect on the blood glucose level and no change in total serum protein level. Group D showed marked increase of blood glucose level and did not show any protective effect and also no change in total serum protein level. Group E and F showed significant increase of blood glucose level but increased level remained in the normal limit and no change in total serum protein.
It is clear that indomethacin showed dose dependently protective effect on alloxan induced diabetes in rabbits but herbal medicine Cuminum nigrum has no protective effect. It is also clear that there in no change in total serum protein level even in severe diabetic condition.
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120.
Assessment Of Microbicidal Efficacy Of Finvirus Uriach
by Shakil Akhtar | Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: A total of 84 fresh fertile hen eggs were obtained from the poultry farm near College of Veterinary Sciences (CVS), Lahore and 32 duck fertile eggs were obtained from the villages in the vicinity of Lahore. These eggs were incubated at 37°C in an automatic incubator for 11 days for the embryonic development. At the day 11 post incubation, the eggs were candled to confirm the presence of embryos. Eggs with dead embryos were discarded. The NDV, AIV and EDSV were obtained from Microbiology Section, C.V.S., Lahore and inoculated to the 11 day old embryonated eggs via allantoic sac route. After 72 hours allantoic fluid was collected and 4HA units of NDV, AIV and EDSV were calculated. Toxicity of a newly marketed disinfectant, Finvirus for developing chicken/duck embryos was determined and the efficacy of Finvirus uriach against NDV, AIV and EDSV was evaluated. In addition, phenol coefficient of "Finvirus" was calculated using Staphylococcus aureus. It was established that 0.5% dilution of Finvirus was not toxic to the embryo. From the findings of this investigation it was concluded that Finvirus uriach can inactivate NDV and AIV and EDS virus in minimum duration of 5 minutes at a concentration of 0.5%.
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121.
Effect Of Replacement Of Maize With The Varying Levels Of Stabilized Extruded Rice Polishing On The Performance Of Broilers
by Aqif Mukhtar, Syed | Prof.Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: As the poultry industry flourished rapidly during the last thirty years, it has now become a major contributor in providing low cost protein of animal origin to our population. But unfortunately poultry industry is continuously suffering loses for the past few years mainly due the fact that the conventional feed stuffs are becoming costly day by day. The serious food shortage and increasing competition between human beings and poultry regarding the consumption of cereal grains demanded that cereals should be now spared for human consumption and exploration of non conventional feed sources should be carried out in order to keep the business of poultry industry running well.
Rice polishing is a by-product of rice milling so it is abundantly available in Pakistan because rice is the third largest crop produced in the country. Rice polishing compares well with the cereal grains in chemical composition. So it contains more fat and protein as compared to maize but high in fiber contents. Due to high fat contents rancidity of Rice polishing can pose some problems if it is fed after prolonged storage, specially in hot weather.
Extrusion cooking is a new technique which stabilizes the high fat diets and make them fit for use in the animal rations. For this reason full fat rice polishing was subjected to Extrusion Cooking which was done at National Feed Mill.
Present Experiment was conducted to replace maize with extruded rice polishing and to see the effects on the performance of broiler chicks. Six starter and six finisher rations were prepared and designated as A, B, C, D, E and F . All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter ration and finisher ration A. were kept as a control containing 35 % Maize and 0% extruded Rice polishing, which was replaced by extruded rice polishing in ration B, C, D, E and F. on protein equivalent basis at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35% level In this way a complete 100% replacement of maize with extruded Rice polishing was made One hundred and eighty day old chicks were randomly divided into eighteen experimental units of 10 chicks each. Each experimental unit was placed individually. The starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the Finisher rations from 29th to 42nd day of age.
Results of the present study indicated that the weight gain up to 25% extruded rice polishing level was promisingly good. Maximum weight gain was recorded in Ration B (15% extruded rice polishing). Second best results were noted in the control ration but the performance of the chicks fed on 20% extruded rice polishing was almost equal to that of control ration. It was noted that the weight gain started to decrease gradually as the level was raised up to 35% of the total with each increasing increment.
Best feed utilization was observed in the chicks fed on ration B, whereas poor utilization of feed was noted in higher levels of extruded rice polishing in the diet having more feed consumption compared to weight gain.
Better performance up to 25% level indicated that Extrusion improved the nutritional quality of rice polishing by stabilizing it and inactivating Lipases. The extrusion also made starch more available for the birds and reduced the anti-nutritional elements of rice polishing. This is evident from the fact that the level of rice polishing effected the health of the chicks.
It was therefore concluded from the present study that extrusion is an excellent technique for converting low quality feed stuffs into feeds with higher nutritional quality. Specially extrusion of low priced feed ingredients such as rice polishing and it replacement with a costly feed ingredient such as wheat or maize holds good economic prospects for feed millers. As extrusion is done on a very limited scale therefore after the present study it was strongly recommended that the use of extruded feed stuffs should be promoted in poultry ration
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122.
Effect Of Replacement Of Soyabean Meal With Sesame Meal On The Performance Of Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix
by Babar Hilal Ahmad Abbassi | Dr.Jawad Ahmad Qureshi | Dr.Muhammad | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of sesame meal on the performance of Japanese quails. rfhe performance of the birds was studied by using different level of sesame meal in combination soyabean meal in the rations. The growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and mortality was determined. One hundred and eight (180) one day-old Japanese quails were purchased from local hatchery. Quails were randomly divided into six groups and each group having three replicates. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations were prepared in which sesame meal was replaced with soyabean meal fit, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of feed. Weekly feed intake, body weight gain and mortality were recorded. At the end o[' experiment three birds from each replicate were slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. The data collected was analyzed by applying analysis of variance technique using least significant difference (LSD) test to detect the difference among the treatments and means, were compared by using least significant difference test.
The results showed that the ration D containing 10% soyabean meal and 15% sesame meal was best in promoting weight gain and feed efficiency. The results also revealed non significant difference in terms of feed consumption and dressing percentage.
It was concluded that the ration containing efficient proportion of both the vegetable protein supplements (15% sesame meal and 10% soyabean meal) was better as compared to any other ration combination. This was due to supplementary effect of both the vegetable proteins to each other.
Based on the results of present study it may be recommended that sesame meal could be incorporated in quails ration upto a level of 15% with 10% soyabean meal but the lysine supplementation should be made as per recommended level.
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123.
Studies On The Immunosuppresive Role Of Unsatisfactory Managemental Factors In Broilers
by Atta Bukhari | Dr.Muhammah Amin Sheikh | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project concerning "Studies on the immuno-suppressive role of unsatisfactory managemental factors in broilers" was primarily planned to know, on scientific basis, the detrimental effects of unfavourable managemental conditions on health and performance of broiler birds. The birds were exposed to the stress of irregular feed and water supply and their maintenance on wet litter. rphe influence of various stress factors was assessed through determining HI tirs of specific antibodies against ND virus, weight gain of body and of lymphoid organs.
Prior to inducing stress, the birds of all the three treatment groups showed GMT of specific antibodies determined on 15th day of their age as 128.0 (Group A, irregular feed), 130.3 (Group B, irregular water), 129.3 (Group C, wet litter), which was quite similar to that of control group D, showing GMT of 128.6. At this stage the immune response of birds in various groups including control was almost uniform. The stress treatment was commenced on day 15 and the GMT values of all the treatment groups became inferior to control group on all the subsequent observation periods that is 22nd day (Group A, GMT 48.5, Group B 36.8, Group C 26.0, Group D 97.0), 38th day (Group A 13.6, Group B 8.0, Group C 5.3, Group D 48.5), 53rd day (Group A 9.2, Group B 5.3, Group C 4.6, Group D 18.4) of the age of birds. Amongst various stresses, wet litter exerted comparatively more harmful effects on immune competence of birds. Among the other two groups which were maintained at irregular water supply and irregular feed supply, the former had greater adverse influence on immune performance of the birds.
The body weight gain determined on periods prior to induction of stress showed negligible variation amongst various groups of birds. However, after induction of stress, there was variation in weight gain in between control group and each treatment group. The wet litter displayed highest .adverse influence on weight gain as compared to other two treatments. Similarly, irregular water supply was more harmful as compared to irregular feed supply. With regard to the influence on weight of lymphoici organs, the birds in all the three treatment groups had lesser values for the mean weights of bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen as compared to control group D, as determined on 56th day of their age. The difference was statistically significant. The mean liver weights of all the three treatment groups were lesser than the control group D. The variation was statistically significant.
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124.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Milk And Early Weaning Diet On The Performance Of Buffalo Calves From Birth To 13 Weeks
by Sardar Alam, Maj | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. M. Aleem | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted to see the effect of different levels of whole milk and early weaning diet (calf starter) on the performance of buffalo calves from birth to 13 weeks of age. Twentyone healthy newly born female buffalo calves were randomly allotted to three different feeding regimes (A, B and C). In feeding regime 'A' whole milk was fed at the rate of 10% of live body weight up to sixth week of age. In 7th week the same quantity of milk was fed and then the quantity of whole milk was reduced every week at the rate of 1/6th of the 6th week allowance. The calves in this group were weaned at the age of 12 weeks. In feeding regime 'B' and 'C' whole milk was fed at the rate of 10% of live body weight up to 30 days then the quantity of milk was restricted to 3 litres per day in group B and 2 litres per day in group C upto the consumption of 800 gram of calf starter and to 1.5 litres per day in group B and 1 litres per day in group C till the consumption of 1.2 kg of calf starter. On the average calves of group A consumed a total of 259.44 litres of whole milk and weaned at 12 weeks of age. On the average the calves in group B and C consumed 214.15 and 167.77 litres of whole milk and were weaned at 72 and 74 days respectively. Calf starter, green fodder and wheat straw was provide ad libitum to compensate the reduced allowance of milk. Calves of group 'C' consumed the minimum quantity of whole milk and the maximum quantity of calf starter, gave satisfactory results. Thus the feeding of milk upto 90 days is not necessary if sufficient quantity of nutritionally balanced diet is provided in addition to limited quantity of whole milk.
The average weight gains in the calves of group A, B and C were 48.78, 46.36, 43.71 Kg respectively. There was non-significant difference in the weight gain and general body condition.
The cost of feeding for a unit ( Kg ) gain in group A, B and C was Rs.5 1.60, 48. and 42.54 respectively. The cost of feeding for a unit gain in group C was significantly (P<0.05) less than in group A and B.
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125.
Incidence Of Molluscan Intermediate Host And Faecal Diagnosis Of Bovine Schistosomiasis In And Around Lahore
by Naeem Irshad | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Khalid | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: An investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of molluscan intermediate host, identification of the infected and non infected snails harbouring the intermediate stages of Schistosoma bovis and the role of coprological examination in the diagnosis of bovine schistosomiasis.
Four places in and around Lahore were selected for the purpose of collection of snails, isolation of cercariae from these snails and collection of faecal samples for coprological examination Four hundred snails were collected, 100 from each of 3 ponds and a natural habitat. The Snails were collected fortnightly from October 1997 to December 1997.
Prevalence of Lymneae acuminate, L. luteola, Indoplanorbis exustus, Physa acuta Melania tuberculata and Gyralaus was found to be 37.75%, 3.25%, 58%, 20.83%, 1.92% and 1.33%, respectively. Only Indoplanobis exustus was infected with intermediate stage of schistosomes, i.e. C. nudifurca and C. indice with total infection of 12792 (C nudifurca) and 7930 (C.indice) in Bansinager fish pond and Mustafabad drain Kahana, Distt. Lahore during the period from October, 1997 to December, 1997. Out of total 200 faecal samples, 32% were positive for Schistosoma infection with 3 species of genus. The positive cases showed S. bovis (100%), S. Japonicum (75%) and S. nasalis (7.8%).
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126.
Epidemiology And Economic Losses Of Trichostrongylid Parasites In Sheep
by Sarwar Khan, M | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The meteorological data recorded during the study period from 1.1.96 to 31.12.96 showed the maximum temperature in June as
36.5°C and minimum temperature in December as 6.8°C. Maximum and minimum Humidity was recorded in the month of September and April as 85% and 55% respectively. The maximum rainfall during the year was recorded in the month of August as 660 mm.
The faecal egg counts of sheep grazing on permanent pasture showed the minimum EPG during first week of January while maximum EPG on nid of September and first week of October.
Pasture larval counts were performed on permanent pasture and experimental plot for the recovery of trichostrongylid larvae. The maximum number of larvae was recovered on 16th September, 1996, while minimum number was recovered in January and February from permanent pasture and experimental plot respectively. Two species of trichostrongylids were identified i.e. Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongvlus colubriformis.
The faecal and larval counts were very low in the months of January and February, the counts started rising in March. Peak counts were seen in the month of September. Decline in counts started in late October and reached to minimum in December.
Mature and immature worm counts of slaughtered sheep were performed at 15 days interval. The, overall prevalence oftrichostrongylid parasites was 34%. The maximum number of mature parasites were seen during first week of October which was886 whereas maximum number of immature parasites including hypobiotic was 326 on 1st of December. During this study the average fecundity/female of contortus and L colubriformis parasites were calculated as 721 and 209 respectively. A spring rise in worm egg counts was experienced in mid of March. A pen parturient rise in the worm egg counts of pregnant and lactating ewes indicated the maximum counts during lambing week.
An experimental group of sheep with mixed infection of trichostrongylid parasites showed the similar pattern of EPG counts as of naturally infected sheep.
A study was performed to evaluate any protection provided by a particular Flaemoglobin type to trichostrongylid infection hut not difference could be observed. The Asparate Aminotransferase (AST) and total protein levels of infected sheep were decreased as a result of increase in the intensity of infection.
A decrease in R.B.C. counts, Haemoglobin, Packed cell volume and lymphocyte counts was observed both in experimentally and naturally infected slaughtered sheep. However, an increase in total leukocytic count (TLC) alongwith an increase in the ratio of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils was observed.
At the end of experiment infected sheep gained 5.71 Kg/head less body weight and produced 4 3 grn less wool as compared with non-infected group. Based on epidemiological information the suggestions for control of the, trichostrongylid infection are submitted alongwi th recommendations for further studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0595,T] (1).
127.
Evaluation Of Liver Functions At Varying Degrees Of Hepatectomy In Dogs
by Farhan Ahmad Atif | Dr. M. Arif Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Liver is the most important organ because of its multiplicity of functions. It played a pivotal rote in the nutrition and maintenance of the body.
In this project 16 dogs were taken and divided into 4 groups comprising 4 dogs each. In group-A total removal of right lateral lobe was performed. In group-B half part of the right lobe was resected. Group-C was sham operated in which only laparotomy was experienced. Whereas, group-D acted as control.
Liver function tests were conducted in all the groups before and after surgery. rfhe.e was slight elevation in the values of liver enzymes which remained within the normal range except alkaline phosphatase.
Metabolic ability was not affected appreciably after resection of half and complete removal of right lateral lobe.
All the dogs were euthanized after 8 weeks post-operatively. The dogs of group-B showed hepatic regeneration that was 31.2, 38.8 and 28.3 percent in dog No.6, 7 and 8 respectively. The histopathology of regenerated tissue revealed normal hepatic tissue.
The analysis of results has clearly indicated that resection of liver upto this extent does not alter liver functions noticeably and thus partial hepatectomy can be performed without any fear.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0596,T] (1).
128.
Synthesis And Evaluation Of Biological Properties Of Derivatives Of Cephalosporins
by Rehmat Ullah, Major | Dr.Muhammad Sabir | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Raziq Ali.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: This study was aimed at preparation and evaluation of the biological properties of cephradine. Schiff base transition metal complexes of cephradine were prepared. In the first step Schiff bases were prepared by condensation of the primary amine with a carbonyl compound. For this purpose pyridoxal HCI and salicylaldehyde were used. In the next step the prepared Schiff bases were chelated with metal salts using copper acetate and zinc acetate, here metal binds to polydenate ligands to form the ring structure, where metal is the part of the ring. In this way a three dimensional molecule was obtained which exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity in some cases and depressed activity in the others. The complexes were subjected to biological evaluation to find out the minimum lethal concentration of the new complexes and then it was compared with the parent drug. The standard organisms of S. aureus, .E.coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and . pneumoniae were used to study the antimicrobial activity. Cephradine complexes showed a depressed activity against S. aureus, . E.coli and P . aemginosa. But the activity of CPC and CSC derivatives was found ten times enhanced against
K. pneumoniae, when compared with the present drug. The haematological study revealed that the parent drug and the new derivatives did not have any deleterious effect upon the total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, leukocytic count, differential leukocytic count i.e., lymphocytes and polyrnorphs (neutrophils). Thus the new compounds were found to be as safe as the parent drug itself.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0602,T] (1).
129.
A Study On The Effect Of Experimentally Induced Caecal Coccidiosis On Weight Gain Haematological Parameters In Broilers
by Irfan Ullah Khan | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Afzal | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The study was designed to observe the effect of experimentally induced coccidiosis on weight gain, FCR and somc blood parameters in broilers. For this purpose 90 day old broiler chicks were obtained from a local hatchery and reared under controlled managemental, coccidia free conditions upto 42 days of age. A commercial coccidiostat free feed and water were provided ad Jib. The birds were divided into three groups A, 13 and C, comprising of 30 birds each. The birds in group A were kept as non-infected, un-medicated control, the group B as infected and unniedicated, while group C as infected and treated with salinomycin (Coxistac 6%; Pfizer). Coxistac 6% at a doze rate of 50 grams per feed bag was provided and the resufts were studied. The chicks of group 13 and C were given oral dozes of 40,000 sporulated oocysts of jjmeria ej.eJi at the age of day 20 and 35.
There was no oocyst excretion in faeces of birds in group A, OPG of faeces in group B was higher than in group C. The OPG of faeces reached the peak during 2nd week post-infection in both the infected groups. 'Phe higher mortalit.y in the infected group 13 (20%) than in group-C (1 0%) was observed, while no mortality was recorded in group A. On postmortem it was observed that the caeca were swollen, on incision petcchial hacmorrhagcs were seen on walls of the caeca and lungs and liver of the infected carcasses were dehydrated and pale.
The group A showed highest weight gain than groups B and C. however, the group C (infected treated) showed better weight gains than group 13 (Infected). Feed conversion ratio in groups A, 13 and C were significantly different. Group A being uninfected gave the best FCR followed by birds in group C, which were medicated while birds in group B gave the poorest values.
The haemoglobin and TEC values in the infected group B were low and were normal for group A. However, the birds of group C also showed lower values as compared to group A. It was observed that the percentage of heterophils and monocytes increased, while the number of lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils decreased in the blood of the infected groups.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0603,T] (1).
130.
Prevalence Of Mixed Infection Of Hematodes & Cestodes In Sheep, Its Chemotherapy & Effect On Certain Blood
by Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Asif Rabbani | Dr.iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: A Study was conducted to assess the effects of albendazole and oxfendazolc agaitist mixed infection of nematodes and cestodes in naturally infected sheep on he bases of post medical ion reduction of egg per grain oF ficces and its certain blood ComponentS. The animals were emaciated in diarrhoeal condition rough body coat and progressive loss of weight.
Three hundred sheep were selected. I 24 sheep showed positive infection. Out of 1 24 sheep 30 sheep were positive fir mixed infection of nematodes and cestodes. They were divided into three groups each containing 10 animals naturally infected A, 13 & C while group 1) was kept non-infected and non-medicated, Group A was treated vith albendazole (Albavel, tab I 52mg Medi Vet) 5mg/Kg bw orally. Group 13 was treated with oxlcn(lazote (Oxafax suspension, Glaxo, Wellcome) 5mg/Kg b.w orally. Group C kept as mfecte(l untreated control while group 1) was uninfected untreate(l negative control group.
The egg per gram 1ieccs was formed on the fl, 31(1 and day of treatment which indicated (hat both drugs were effective against G .1 .T nematodes and cestodes infection.
The chemotheraputic examination Showed that egg per gram of faeces in group A, B & C were 2683, 2561 and 2712 respectively on 0 day while group D examined nil being control non-infectcd group. The EPG in group A. B, C was nil, 122, 2740,respectively, on 3rd day and on 10th day nil, 114, 2973 respectively. While in group D the egg per gram of faces was zero due to uninfective negative control group.
The haematological Studies showed that the average haematological values were increased toward nor vial with treatment in group A & B. There was fall in the haemoglobin value in untreated infected group C during experiment while iii group D, there was no significant change in haemoglobin levels which was almost same throughout the experiment.
The total leukocyte count returned towards iii all groups normal except group C. The differential leukocytic count, the Basophils decreased, lymphocytes increased and Neutrophils, Fosinophils and Monocytes showed variation in their number. No side effects in both medicines were recorded tInting experiment.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0605,T] (1).
131.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Commercially Available Feed Additive Anticoccidials And Other Prophylactic
by Mohsin Ali Ashraf | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the efficacy of different feed additive anticoccidials and coccidiosis vaccines A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. The birds were randomly divided into eight groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H Comprising of 30 birds each. Groups A was uninfected unmedicated control while group B was infected unmedicated control. Groups C, D, E and F were given commercial feed having anticoccidials Coxistac, Sacox, Elancoban and Avatec respectively. Groups G and H were given unmedicated feed and were vaccinated at day 3 and 10. All the groups except that of group A were given primary and challenge doses of infection on day 22nd and 35th . The oocysts count was done on 5th 6th and 7th day after each infection. The feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly. Record of mortality was kept and postmortem of dead birds was also performed. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using Two Way Analysis of Variance and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, to detect the differences between treatments and means.
It was concluded that Sacox (salinomycin sodium) as anti-coccidial in feed revealed significant (P< 0.05) difference among all the treatments in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency (FCR), oocyst count and reduction in mortality. The results of other anti-coccidials were not satisfactory, while both the vaccinated groups i.e. group G and H performed well in terms of oocyst count and decrease in mortality but their weight gain and feed efficiency were not good.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing the best feed additive anti-coccidial, while the farmers will get choice amongst anti-coccidial drugs or vaccines.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0609,T] (1).
132.
Evaluation Of Canola Meal & Its Feeding Effects On The Performance Of 0-25 Weeks Old Layer Chickens
by Rafiq, M | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr.Muham | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Canola meal is the by-product of the oil industry, available after extraction of oil from the seeds by solvent extraction. After the animal protein sources, canola meal is among the best protein supplement which could be incorporated in different poultry feeds.
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of canola meal on the perfromance of layer chicks (216) from 0-25 weeks. The chicks were devided into six main groups, having 36 chicks each and were sub-devided into 3 replicates of 12 chicks each. Each replicat was reared as an experimental unit. All the managemental conditions like lighting, feeding, watering, beek trimming, ventilation, vaccination and temperature were provided according to the recommend requirements for Babcoock B300 layer chicks strain.
Six experimental rations containing 0,9, 12, 15, 18 and 21% canola meal in starter and grower rations while in layer mash 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15%. These rations formulated and provided according to the Babcoock B300 strain requirements. In the study, effect of feeding different levels of canola meal was checked in lieu of soybean meal on the feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, sexual maturity, uniformity, percent egg production, kilograms of feed per dozen eggs, kilograms of feed per kilogram egg mass, weight of 12 eggs, mortality and economics. In starting and growing phase weight gain and feed efficiency was non significant while feed consumption was significant (P < 0.01) in growing and laying phases. Egg mass, Percent egg production, egg weight, weight per 12 egg, feed efficiency (kilograms of feed per dozen eggs, kilograms of feed per kilogram egg mass) showed nonsignificant difference. Mortality was also non-significant among the vnrious experimental groups. Economics of the experimental rations indicated that rations contain canola meal were cheeper as compared to soybean meal containing rations. The overall picture of the whole experiment revealed that canola meal can replace soybean meal in starting, growing and laying phases up to 100% but it has little problem of poor feed intake which was due to picking problem of the birds because the partical size of canola meal is small.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0613,T] (1).
133.
Serodiagnosis & Chemotherapy Of Haemonchosis In Sheep & Its Effect On Various Blood Parameters
by Saeed, M | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Asif Rabbani | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present project was carried out to check the prevalence of H. contortus with Double Immuno Diffusion (DID) test and coprological technique, to test the anthelmintic efficacy of Albendazole and Levamisole and to study the effect of haemonchosis on blood parameters.
For this purpose faccal sample and blood sample from 150 naturally infected sheep were processed through coprological examination and DID test. Out of 150 animal 107 were found positive with coprological studies and 81 with DID test, so the prevalence was recorded as 71.34% and 54% respectively. Out of positively animal, 60 were divided into A, B and C groups with the heavy infection in A awl B groups. Each animal of group A was given Albendazole (Albenzole granule; Selmore) (4mg/kg) and group B was drenched Levamisole (Nayverm; Syrnans) (5mg/kg) while C group was kept as control (untreated). The efficacy of Albendazole and Levarnisole was 90.2% and 62.06% respectively.
Hematological parameters showed significant increase in haemoglobin (1-Ib) concentration and Packed cell volume (PCV) after treatment.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0615,T] (1).
134.
Comp;Arative Efficacy Of Ivermectin, Levamisole And Levamisole Plus Cobalt Against Gastro Intestinal Nematodes Of Sheep Under Field Conditions In District Kohat
by Zahir Shah | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present project was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy and effect of treatment on weight gain of sheep. Fighty sheep of local breed aged 8-10 months positive for gastro-intestinal nematodes were selected from surrounding areas of district 1(ohat (N.W.F.P) and were divided into 4 groups (20 animals in each group). Group A, B and C were given Ivermectin (0.2mg/kg body s/c), Levarnisole 7.5 mg/kg body orally) and Levamisole plus Cobalt (7.5 mg/kg body weight orally) respectively and group U remained as untreated control group.
Egg per gram (EPG) of faeces were recorded on "0" day before treatment and on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days after treatment.. The efficacy of these drugs were evaluated on the basis of reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces after medication. These drugs showed a progressive decrease in the faecal egg counts. The percent efFicacy of Tvermectin, Levamisole and Levamisole plus Cobalt on 7th, day after medication was 100%, 98.65% and 98.73% respectively and on 14th, 21st and 28th days, the efficacy of all drugs was 100%. rIIIere was no significant difference (P<0.01) in effectiveness of the drugs.
However, there was highly significant difference (P<0.01 between treated and control groups.
The Weights of animals were recorded on "0" day before medication and on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days after medication. The average weight gain in group A, B and C was 1.8kg, 2.10kg and 3.21kg respectively and the percentage of increase in live weight was 6.57% in group A, 7.63% in group B and 12% in group C. Whereas members of control group reduced their weight by 1.68kg. There was highly significant difference (P<0.01) among the treatments as well as the control group.
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135.
Prevalence Of Gastro Intestinal Nematodes In Aquatic Birds At Lahore Zoo And Their Chemotherapy With Three Different Anthelmintics
by Ihsanullah | Dr.Iftikhar Gul ahmad | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhamad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematodes in aquatic birds at Lahore zoo and to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Albendazole (Albenzole granules; Selmore Agencies), Levamisole (Vormatox liquid; Welcome Pak. Ltd.) and piperazine (Coopane powder; Glaxo Weilcome). Ninety faecal samples were examined in Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore with direct smear method or flotation technique for identification of nematode ova. Seventy one of 90 (78.89%) were found positive for single or mixed infections of Capillaria anatis (38.89%), Trichostrongylus tenuis (26.66%), Amidostornum anseris (21.11%), Tetrameres fissispina (14.45%), Heterakis gallinae (11.11%) and Ascaridia gaul (5.56%).
Out of seventy one infected birds, 60 were chosen randomly for medication and divided into three groups, each consisting of 20 birds (A = crane group, B = duck group and C = geese group). These three groups were further divided into four sub-groups (Al, A2, A3 and A4, similarly Bi, B2, B3, B4 and Cl, C2, C3 and C4), each comprising of 5 birds.
Faecal samples of the experimental birds were examined for counting of eggs per gram of faeces on day "0" (pre-medication) with McMaster technique (Soulsby, 1982).
Albendazole was given orally to sub-groups Al, Bi and Cl, similarly Levamisole and Piperazine were given to sub-groups A2, B2, C2 and A3, B3 and C3. The sub-groups A4, B4 and C4 were kept as untreated infected controls.
Faecal egg counts were again carried out on days 7 and 14 of medication and the results were compared with control sub-groups. Regarding the efficacy of anthelmintics, piperazine was highly effective with reduction of 88.66 and 99.31 per cent eggs per gram of faeces on 7th and 14th day of medication. Levamisole was found to reduce 84.38 and 97.57% eggs per gram of faeces followed by Albendazole with 83.16 and 95.79% reduction in the eggs per gram of faeces.
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136.
Effect Of Different Solvent Extraction Systems On Free Gossypol And Available Lysine Of Cottonseed Meal
by Ghulam Mustafa | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Cottonseed not only provides fiber for domestic textile industry and export (Anonymous, 1996) but also accounts for about 60% vegetable oil (Anonymous,1990). It is also a source of protein- rich meal for poultry which is abundantly available in Pakistan. About 140 Kgs. of cottonseed meats of cotton variety "NIAB-78". were purchased from a solvent extraction plant "TransTech"(Pvt.) Ltd. Multan Road Pattoki. The meats were kept in sunlight for one day and were again cleaned. Then the cottonseed kernels were passed through hammer mill for grinding through 12 mesh size. The ground kernels were divided into five equal parts weighing 28 kgs each for individual treatment. Its inclusion level in poultry diet can be Increased by detoxifying the limiting factor with different solvents. Keeping in view the effect of mixed solvents in the extraction of oil rendering the free gossypol to its non-toxic level, five different solvents were used as a mixture. Maximum free gossypol was removed/detoxified thus enabling the lysine to be available to the birds. Each part was individually treated with respective solvents for the extraction of maximum oil so as to remove a lot of free gossypol. The rations formulated from these solvent extracted meals were biologically evaluated by feeding to the different groups of birds. At the same time free gossypol content and available lysine percentage of different meals were also determined.
180 day old broiler chicks were divided into 6 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, and F. They were fed rations R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 respectively. Group "A" fed ration "Ri" was kept as control. The present study was designed to know the effects of solvent extraction systems on cottonseed meal and to know the effects of treated cottonseed meal (CSM) on feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, mortality and economics. The experiment was conducted upto 4 weeks of age. The data so obtained were helpful in determining gossy-pol content (free gossypol) and available lysine of solvent extracted meals.
The residual free gossypol content of meal (0.01135%) was minimum in case of fourth treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol and ferrous sulphate. Similarly maximum lysine (1.279%) was made available in last treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol, iron sulphate and calcium hydroxide.
It was easy and obvious to conclude from the present study that as the number of solvents increased in the treatment, efficient results of weight gain, feed consumption, FOR and economics were observed. Especially by using more solvents in the treatment, cost of feed was reduced as commercial hexane is more costly as compared to all of the other solvents used in the study.
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137.
Effect Of Reduction Of Crude Fiber And Phytic Acid In Treated Defatted Rice Bran On The Performance Of Broilers
by Ramzan, M | Prod.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr.Anjum Kahlique | Prof.Dr.Aslam.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries; inhabiting the huge bulk of population with considerable growth rate. That prevalent population trend is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds which are also used for human consumption makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption and reduce the cost of feed as well. Agro-industrial by-products or wastes which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Rice bran is one of the ingredients may serve the desired purpose.
Rice bran is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is derived from the outer layer of rice caryopsis during milling and has comparable nutritional profile as compared to other cereal grains. Its food potential can not be absolutely exploited due to the presence of certain toxic factors such as Lipases, phytates, trypsin inhibitor and crude fiber. However, various treatments implementation could be resulted in the elimination of certain toxic factors and yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the impact of defatted rice bran on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to treatments with NaCI + HCI and water soaking cumsteam passed. Four starter and four finisher rations were prepared and designated as A, B, C and D. All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter ration and finisher ration A, were kept as a control containing 0% defatted rice bran. Rations B contained 15% raw defatted rice bran while rations C and D contained 15% (NaCI + HCI ) treated and water soaked cum-steam passed defatted rice bran respectively. One hundred and twenty day old chicks were randomly divided into twelve experimental units of 10 chicks each under the four groups A, B, C and D. The starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the finisher rations froms 29th to 42' day of age.
Results of the present study indicated that the maximum weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration C, containing 15% (NaCI + HCI ) treated defatted rice bran. Second best results were noted in birds fed on ration D, containing 15% (water soaked cumsteam passed defatted rice bran). It was noted that the weight gai improved with inclusion of treated defatted rice bran.
Best feed utilization was observed in the chicks fed on ration C whereas poor feed utilization was noticed in chicks fed on ration B (containing 15% raw defatted rice bran).\
Treatments, either with NaCl + HCI or water soaking cum steam passed resulted in the improvement of nutritional quality of defatted rice bran by hydrolyzing phytate phosphorus to inorganic phosphorus. The treatments also reduced the contents of crude fiber and made available the important micro elements, like, Cu, Fe, Mg Ca, Mn to the birds physiological system by breaking the structure of phytic acid.
It was concluded from the present study that the hydrolyzation is an excellent technique for converting low quality feed ingredient to higher nutritional quality. Specially hydrolyzation of low priced feed ingredients such as defatted rice bran and its inclusion to poultry feeds may reduce the load of whole cereals and ultimately holds go od economic prospects for feed millers. After the promising results of the present study it was strongly recommended that the hydrolyzation technique should be promoted in feed stuffs having higher contents of phytic acid and crude fiber.
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138.
Concentration Of Serum Electrolytes In Buffaloes In The Late Pregnancy Parturition & Postparturition Periods
by Shahzad Hussain | Dr.Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr.Muhammad | Prof.Dr Rashid ahmad ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This study was executed on 30 pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Serum was harvested for the estimation of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and iron in the late pregnancy (at 8t5 and 9th month of gestation), at parturition and in the postpartum periods (at 1st and 2" month postpartum). The mean values of Ca were 9.30, 7.95, 6.90, 8.43 and 7.33 mg/dl and of Mg were 2.38, 2.18,.2.81, 2.61 and 2.50 mgldl of serum in the above mentioned 5 stages, respectively. The mean concentration of P was 6.98, 4,15, 3,177, 4,76 and 5.38 mg/dl, respectively. The mean concentrations of Na were 147.14, 145.71, 146.50, 141.37 and 137.69 mmol/1 and of K were 4.90, 4.53, 4.31, 4.53 and 4.38 (mmol/1) of serum, respectively. The mean value of Fe was 269,36, 225.58, 212.82, 260.77 and 282.31 pg/dl of serum, respectively. The concentrations of Ca and P were significantly (P< 0.05) lower at the time of parturition. The value of Mg was significantly (P<zO.05) higher at the time of parturition. The concentrations of Na and K did not show much variation. The values of Fe also decreased significantly (P<0.0S) near parturition (at month of gestation) and at parturition. No puerperal disorder was observed in any of the experimental animals. Hence, the data of normal electrolyte values near parturition, at parturition and following parturition was obtained.
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139.
Use Of Gnrh To Improve The Conception Rate Of Nili Ravi Buffaloes During Low Breeding Season
by Ghulam Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Ahmad Ch | Dr.Masood | Prfo.Dr.Rashid Ahmad Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: In this study the main objective was to improve the conception rate of repeat breeder Nili-Ravi buffaloes during low breeding season by the use of GnRH (Dalmarelin) . For this purpose 21 .repeat breeder Nili-Ravi buffaloes were randomly selected and equally divided into three groups (A, B and C) Group A was treated with 2 ml Dalmarelin IM at the time of insemination, group B was treated with lml of Dalmarelin IM at the time of insemination and imi twelve hours of post insemination, while group C (control) received an injection of 2m1 normal saline IN at the time of insemination. The mean progesterone concentration in group A was 0.95 ng/ml, group B, it was 0.94 ng/ml and in group C, O.93ng/ml on the day of estrus (day 0), while progesterone concentration of group A was 1.16 ng/ml, group B, it was 1.089 ng/ml and in Group C, it was 1.07 ng/ml on the 10th day of estrus cycle. The conception rate was recorded as 42.8% in group A, 28.6% in group B and 14.3% in group C.
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140.
Comparative Nutritional Evaluation Of Poultry By Product Meals Prepared By Two Separate Processes In Broilers
by Aftab Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Muhammad | Mr.Anjum Khalique.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Protein as a second major factor in formulatiQn of poultry rations after energy. It is supplied by animal and vegetable sources. Animal protein supplement are superior in quality due to its more balanced amino acid profile but are costly. While vegetable proteins are cheaper but lacking in some amino acid and have some antiS nutritional factor. The animal protein supplements available in Pakistan are blood, fish, meat and PBPM. PBPM is abundantly available in Pakistan and it is prepared by using chicken feet, heads, viscera, feather skin and blood. And processing varies from organization to organization. PBPM is prepared by different organization such as M. Artal, BeBeJan and Kakasian.
PBPM has low cost and its CP and ME are comparable to fish meal, but it is low in lysine and methionine. Our present study was to compare the effect of processing of PBPM manufactured by BeBeJan and Kakasian feed industry. Both have different composition and different processing method of PBPM as blood was included in BeBeJan PBPM but it was absent in Kakasian.
The objective of study was to evaluate nutritional profile and quality of commercially available PBPM, the effect of processing on performance of broiler chicks. 240 day old Hubbard chicks were purchased from the local marked and were divided into 8 groups from A to H which were again subdivided into 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Eight experimental starter and 8 experimental finisher rations of A, B, C, 13 and E, F, G, H were prepared. A and E were the control group while B, C and D having 3, 6, 9% PBPM of BeBeJan and F, G, H having 3, 6, 9% PBPM of Kakasian were formulated and starter rations were fed to chicks upto 28 days of age while finisher was provided from 29 to 42 day of age. The feed was supplied to the chicks reared in cages at College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The proximate analysis of the rations was done. And the parameters studied were weekly weight gain, feed consumption, FCR. At the end of the experiment three birds from each group were slaughtered to observe the dressing percentage and weight of internal organs. The economics of the experiment was also calculated. The pepsin digestability of both the organizations PBPM was also recorded. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that in BeBeJan group there was a significant weight gain in control group A (O%PBPM) while in Kakasian it was significant in F group having 3% PBPM. While comparing both organization PBPM it was observed that F&H rations having Kakasian PBPM 3% and 9% were better than B and D ration having BeBeJan PBPM 3 and 9% regarding weight gain while FOR of BeBeJan it was better in control group A (0% PBPM) while in Kakasian it was better in F group having 3% PBPM. While comparing both organations it was observed that Kakasian PBPM showed better FCR than that of BeBeJan. And it might be due to processing and no adultration of blood in PBPM by Kakasian, while BeBeJan PBPM contained blood. The dressing percentage of control group was better than treated group while comapring both organizations PBPM was non-significant difference among the groups.
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141.
Comparative Reproductive Performance Of F1 & F5 Filial Groups Of Holstein Friesian X Sahiwal Crossbred Cows
by Tariq, M | Dr.Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Dr.Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr.M.Sarwar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Data of one hundred animals of two filial groups ½ (Fl and F5) had been analysed in this study. The animals were maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadarnagar, Okara during the year 1981-1999. The data was analysed to estimate the magnitude of different reproductive traits, namely, the age at maturity/puberty, age at first conception, age at first calving, service period, calving interval, gestation period, dry period, number of services per conception and conception rate.
The average mean values for the filial groups 34 (Fl and ES) of Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal crossbred cows i.e., Age at maturity, Age at first conception and Age at first calving were 725.98 days or 84 months and 740.95 days or 24 months, 761.54±216.67 days or 25 months and 789.73±138.64 days or 26 months and 1040,7±218.47 days or 34 months and 1069.60± 139.92 days or 36 months respectively. The average mean values for Service period and No. of service per conception were 178.90±114.04 days and 222.93±163.67 days and 2.15± 1.10 and 2.20± 1.15 respectively. For gestation period and Calving interval the average mean values were 279.19±8.0 days or 9 months and 280.53±7.8 days or 9 months and 459.54±115.54 days, 522.04±162.46 days respectively for the filial groups ½ (Fl and F5) of the Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The average mean values for the Dry period and Conception rate in the present studywere 155.79±104.54 days, 215.40±139.26 days and 2.15±1.10% and 2.20±1.15% for the ½ (Fl and F5) respectively.
The present study indicates that there is non-significant difference among the following reproductive traits of filial groups ½ (Fl and F5) i.e., Age at maturity/puberty, Age at 1st conception, Age at 1st calving, Gestation period, No. of services per conception and conception rate.
This study describes that there is a significant difference among these reproductive traits of ½ (Fl and F5) filial groups of Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal crossbred cows i.e., Calving interval, Service period and Dry period.
The main object of the crossbreeding was to evolve a new breed of cattle and even upto fifth generation the results are encouraging.
By the encourgining results of this study it is recommended/suggested that at present about 2 million heads of non-descript cattle population having very low genetic potential may be come useful by inseminating with exotic semen of Holstein Friesian. The crossbred animals have much superior germplasm as compared to non-discript animals.
Further, it is recommended to maintain fifty percent exotic blood level, which is best suited in the subtropical environmental countries like Pakistan.
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142.
Prevalence Of Nematodes & Comparative Efficacy Of Albendazole, Mebendazole & Niclosamide Against Nematodes, In Wild Felidae
by Waqar Ali Khan | Dr.Khalid Pervez | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to estimate the efficacy of Bovisol (Albendazole), Vermox (Mebendazole) and Yomesan (Niclosamide) against nematodes i.e. Toxocara canis, Toxocara mystax and Ancylosloma braziliense in wild felidae, kept in captivity in Lahore Zoo and Lucky Irani Circus, because wild felidae are prone to a number of parasitic infection and zoological gardens served as permanent source of parasitic infestation.
A survey was carried out to estimate the prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxocara mystax and Ancvlostoma braziliense in wild felidae kept in Lahore Zoo and Lucky Irani Circus. The incidence rate of these parasites was 84.62%, 84.62% and 69.23%, respectively in the Lucky Irani Circus; and 62.07%, 48.28% and 20.69%, respectively in the Lahore Zoo. All the animals showing infection were selected for therapeutic trials.
The anthelmintic trials were conducted on 19 and 13 wild felidae kept in the Lahore Zoo and Lucky Irani Circus, respectively. In each experimental Station, i.e. the Lahore Zoo and Lucky Irani Circus, four groups designated A, B, C and D were made. Groups A, B and C were treated with Bovisol (Albendazole), Vermox (Mebendazole) and Yomesan (Niclosamide), respectively. While one group i.e. D, was kept as control (untreated). The percent efficacy of each drug was determined on the basis of reduction in the number of ova discharged in the faeces of experimental animals on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after medication.
Results showed that Vermox (Mebendazole) and Bovisol (Albendazole) are approximately equally effective against roundworms and hookworms. Efficacy of Yomesan (Niclosamide) did not show good results throughout the experiment. The efficacy of all the three anthelmintics lowered down with the passage of time.
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143.
A Study On The Evaluation Of Oxytetracycline Potentiation With Citric Acid, Calcium Sulphate & Terephthalic
by Adeel Sial, M | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Kamran | Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Oxytetracycline (OTC) is administered frequently in veterinary field for the treatment of infectious diseases in large animals and small animals and in the birds. 11 is readily absorbed from the intestine by most mammals but intestinal absorption in poultry is restricted. This project was designed to get more beneficial effect of oxytetracycline in poultry by adding some potentiating substances like citric acid, terephthalic acid and calcium sulphate in the diet.
For this purpose 100 day old chicks were purchased from the local market. These were reared in the poultry house in the College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. They were provided self prepared poultry ration and water ad-lihilum for three weeks. After three weeks these birds were randomly divided into five groups A, B, C, 0 and E comprising twenty birds each. Five (lilferent experimental rations were fed for one week to each group. Group. "A" was given the ration without oxytetracycIine and was kept as control. Group "B" was given the ration with 200mg oxytetracycline per kg of ration. Similarly Group "C" was given the ration with 200mg OTC and 200mg citric acid per kg of ration. Group "I.)" and "F" were fed on ration with 5.9gm terephthalic acid (0.59%) +200mg OTC per kg of ration and 8 gm calcium sulphate (8.0%) + 200mg OTC per kg of ration respectively. The blood samples were collected at 1st, 3rd and 7th day of treatment and serum concentration of oxytetracycline was measured by using the agar well diffusion method with Bacillus subtilis using as test organism. rllhe average values of concentration of OTC in serum of group, B were 0.807±0.56, 0.897±0.63 and 0.886±0.64 on 1st, 3rd and 7th day, which indicated increase from
3rd to 7th was not significant. In group "C" the average values of OTC concentration in serum were 1.366±0.66, 1.767±0.62 and 1.657±0.67 on 1st, 3rd and 7th day respectively, which indicated that citric acid had immediate potentiating affect when mixed with oxytetracycline. however, this effect remained constant during further days of treatment. Similarly the blood serum level of OTC in group I) and E was also increased by TPA and calcium sulphate used a potentiating agents. however, these agents are not SO effective primarily as citric acid in group C.
The result of the present study suggest that oxytetracycline concentration remains constant during all the days of treatment if it is supplemented alone in ration. however, in the presence of other drugs or salts used alongwith it as potentiating agents its concentration in the blood varies according to the nature of the drug or salt incorporated.
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144.
Effect Of Feeding Of Canola Meal On The Performance Of Layers
by Imran Hassan | Dr.Javed Ahmad Qureshi | Dr.Muhammad | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Canola a genetically improved variety of rapeseed after extraction of oil, as a meal, is the best supplement protein source among the vegetable protein sources which can be incorporated in different classes of poultry rations.
The present experiment was conducted to study the long term effect of canola meal feeding on the performance of 216 layer chicks from 19th 29th weeks. The birds were divided into six main groups, having 36 layers each and further sub-divided into 3 replicates of 12 layers each. Each replicate was treated as an experimental unit. All the managemental programs like, feeding, watering, vaccination, lighting and temperature were provided according to the recommended requirements for Babcock B300 layers.
Six experimental rations, A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared containing 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% canola meal in the layer mash, while with the same designation of rations, 0, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21% canola meal containing starter and grower rations were fed during the previous phase of the project (Phase-I). The rations were formulated and provided according to the Babcock B300 strain requirement.
In this project, effect of feeding different levels of canola meal was checked in lieu of soybean meal on feed consumption, feed efficiency (Kilogram of feed per dozen eggs) egg production, weight of twelve eggs, egg shell thickness, chemical composition of eggs, organoleptic evaluation and economics.
Feed consumption, per dozen egg weight and egg production were significantly lower (P<O.01) with rations containing different canola meal levels as compared to soybean meal diet. While best feed conversion ratio (kilograms of feed per dozen eggs) was observed with canola meal containing ration that is significantly lower (P<O.01) as compared to soybean meal containing diet. Egg shell thickness was also significantly higher (P <0.01) with rations containing canola meal as compared to soybean meal.
Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation of the eggs from the hens fed on soybean meal or canola meal containing ration did not show any pronounced effect. While the economics of the experimental rations indicated that rations contain canola meal were cheaper as compared to soybean meal containing rations. The overall picture of the whole experiment revealed that canola meal can replace completely soybean meal in laying phase. But it has little problem of poor feed intake which was may be due to picking problem of the birds due to smaller particle size of canola meal.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the present study following are the recommendations:
1. With the energy compensation of the layer ration canola meal can be incorporated upto 15% dietary level.
2. A wide range of glucosinolates is present in canola quality of rapeseed i.e. 1-3O.smol/gm DM meal. It is very critical for formulation.
3. Canola meal should be incorporated in layer mash ration after pelleting in order to avoid the low feed intake problem.
CONCLUSIONS
Results of the present study reveals that canola is one of the best vegetable protein sources that can replace completely soybean meal in the layer diets with respect to the performance of the birds upto 30th week of age.
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145.
Prevalence & Therapeutic Control Of Surra (Trypanosomiasis) In Camels In District Kech, Turbat
by Faqir Muhammad | Iftikhar Gul Ahmad, 12n (CMS) | Baig | Khalid Pervez, 25n (CMS) | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The most important protozoan disease of camels is Trypanosomiasis caused by T. evansi, brucei, I. vivax etc. But the most widespread and serious pathogenic Trypanosome of camels is T. evansi. There was little epidemiological information on the prevalence of infection and of the likely vectors of the parasite. Control of infection depends on accurate diagnosis and treatment with Trypanocidal drugs. Although only a few Trypanocidal drugs are available and there were reports of resistance, the actual extent of this was not known. So due to the economical losses, the disease became even more important and demanded further work. This study was designed to help in getting information on prevalence and therapeutic control of disease. In the study out of total 500 animals 42 were found infected with trypanosomiasis, the prevalence being 8.4 percent. With regard to the comparative efficacy of the three trypanocidal drugs, Tripasan, Berenil and trypamidium. The efficacy of Tripasan was excellent being 90% effective. The efficacy of Berenil was found somewhat less being 70% effective. This may be due to the low dosage or resistance development against the drug in the protozoan parasite. The efficacy of Trypamidium was 70% percent.
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146.
Clinico Haematological And Therapeutic Studies On Experimentally Induced Spirochaetosis In Broilers
by Ashraf Qaisrani, M | Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: To final out the comparative efficacy of different control measures against Argas persicus, In-Vitro and In-Vivo studies were carried out for the in-Vitro studies three thousand soft ticks Argas Persicus at different stages of their development were used in the experiment. The ticks were divided in to 5 groups A, B, C, D and E having 600 ticks in each group. The ticks of each group (600) were further divided in to three replicates having 200 ticks in each. The ticks were maintained in small plastic boxes containing tick rearing medium at a controlled temperature of 25 Co and 60% relative humidity. The 5 treatments are applied with a small (1 liter) hand held sprayer at the rate of 20ml per box 345 cm2 surface area. The first application was made after 24 hours and repeated twice at 48 hours intervals. On day 0,3,5,7 and 10, the ticks were separated from the manure by immersing the manure in water and retrieved the ticks with the help of sieve. The ticks relating to each group were counted and the counts of each group were compared. The reduction in the counts in test groups as compared to control group A indicated the efficacy of the treatment. It was noticed by the comparative mortality of the ticks in the replicates of different groups that in mortality of ticks in Group A occurred as 6.17% in B as 67.67% in C as 70.67% , in D as 100% and in E as 71.83%. The findings of the In Vitro experiment showed that the efficacy of Tiekide was 100% and in ranking order was placed at No. 1 amongst the test groups and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) as compared to B, C and E groups. However the findings of Groups B, C and E were not significant amongst each other (P>0.05). For the In-Vivo studies, the experiment was conducted on a layer farm infested with Argus persicus. A total of 100 layers infested with Argas persicus were reared under experimental conditions on particular farm. One hundred infested birds were divided into 5 groups i.e A,B,C,D and E, each group consisting of 20 birds. The ticks of all members of the groups were counted on day 0,3,5,7 and 10. Group A acted as infested and non treated, B was treated by application of EM1 under the infested wings, C was applied EM5, D was applied Tiekide (Homoeopathic formula) under the wings the medicine was also orally administered @ 2 drops in 1 ml water and members of Group E were applied 1% solution of Ivomec (Ivermectin). The results indicated that the reduction in the mean tick counts was 95.74% in Group D which was placed at No. I, in descending order the mean tick counts reduced by 70.97% in Group E, 68.59% in Group C, 67.63% in Group B and only 1.93% in control Group A. The Tiekide was claimed to be a drug of choice.
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147.
A Study On Prevalence, Chemotherapy & Blood Parameters Of Mixed Infection Of Fascioliasis & Haemonchosis In Goat
by Jawwad Shabbir Yousafi | Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Total of 300 goats showing sign of diarrhoea and ill health were brought at Outdoor Hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore and 40 goats suffering from Fascioliasis and/or Haemonchosis were selected and divided into 4 groups i.e. A (Mixed infection of’ Fasciola and Haemonchus spp.), B (Haemonchosis), C (Fascioliasis), D (uninfected control). Faecal egg count was performed on day 0 (before treatment), day 3 and day 10 (post treatment) by MacMaster technique. lOmi of venous blood was collected in a test tube (added with 1% EUTA) from the same animals for estimation of Total serum protein, Total leucocytic count and SGPT. The results showed that Albendazole is effective against mixed and single infections of Fasciola spp. and Haemonchus app. The efficacy of drug was 96.1%, 95.32%, 98.3% and 96.8% respectively. In infected animals there was a considerable decrease in total serum protein.
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148.
Prevalence Of Natural Coccidiosis, Chemotherapy Of Experimental Infection And Its Effects On Various Blood
by Ayub, M | Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Haji Ahmad | Muhammad Arif Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the prevalence of a natural and experimentally induced coccidiosis on some blood parameters and its treatment with furoxone and suiphadimidine in pigeons. For prevalence a total of 300 pigeons were examined from pigeon shops and houses of pigeon owners. The faecal samples were examined by direct method. Out of these, 4Q% cases were found to be positive, whereas 54% cases were found to be negative. The highest rate of infection was Ein-ieria colunibarum during the months of July and August.
Sixty young pigeons were obtained and reared under coccidia free conditions and provided coccidiostat free feed. The pigeons were randomly divided into four groups comprising of 15 birds in each (A, B, C and 0).
Group A was infected and medicated with furoxone. Group B was infected and medicated with sulphadimidine. Group C was infected but non-medicated and group D was noninfected, non-medicated (control).
The clinical symptoms were more pronounced in group C and in those birds which were treated with sulphadimidine. The mortality rate was low and OPG was less at 8th day of medication in group A than other experimental groups.
Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation was done. Group A showed highest Hb value (11.054) at day 8th of medication, _which is very closed to value of group D (control) (11.190), which was treated with furoxone.
It is evident from the results and can be estimated that the leukocytic count rate of group A increased from the day of infection, reached maximum 35700 per ml and then started decreasing to normal.
The differential leukocytic count, lymphocytes decreased while heterophils and monocytes increased and eosinophils and basophils showed variation in their number as compared to control group.
The results of the present study indicate that furoxone is better drug than sulphadimidine for control of experimentally induced coccidiosis in pigeons.
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149.
Comparative Study On Immuno Modulatory Effect Of Anticoccidial Vaccines And A Coccidiostat On Nd Vaccinated Broiler Chicks
by Khalid Hazeen, M | Muhammad Afzad | Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Khushi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0646,T] (1).
150.
Effect Of Replacing Dietary Levels Of Soybean Meal With Canola Meal In Japanese Quail
by Sajid Hameed | Prof.Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Javed Ahmad Qureshi | Masood.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Canola is the seed of "Brassica nayus or Brassica compestris species". The oil component of seed contain less than 2% erucic acid while solid component of seed contain less than 30jimol/grams of air dry oil free solid. The protein content in canola meal are 36% while energy is about 2000 Kcal/kg. The amino acid profile of canola meal is comparable with other vegetable proteins. The present study was conducted to study the effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal in rations fed to Japanese quails.
Two hundred and sixteen day old quail chicks were randomly divided into six groups of 36 quails each. Then each group was further sub-divided into three replicates of 12 quails each. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations A, B, C, 13, E and F containing 0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of canola meal respectively were fed for 42 days. Weekly weight gain and daily feed consumption was recorded.
Maximum weight gain (165 grams), feed efficiency (2.42), (2.47) and dressing percentage (68.6%) was observed in quail fed on ration A and C containing 0 and 15% canola meal respectively. Minimum weight gain (142 grams), poor feed efficiency (2.67 grams) and lowest dressing percentage (56.4 grams) were observed in chicks fed on ration F containing 30% canola meal. Moreover, weight of thyroid gland was not affected by the inclusion levels of canola meal in the diet.
From present study it was concluded that canola meal could be successfully incorporated in quails rations upto 15% without any effect on the performance of quails. The study also indicated that rations containing canola meal were comparatively cheaper and cost per kg of live weight was decreased and net profit per quail was increased.
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