151.
Bioconversion Of Industrial Wastes To 6-Aminopencillanic Acid With Escherichia Coli.
by Hasan Javed | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: 6-aminopenicillanic acid is ?-lactam nucleus produced by penicillin acylaseupon hydrolysis of penicillin. 6-APA is main component of semi-synthetic penicillins. Penicillin acylase is most valuable enzyme and is produced by many microbes such as Escherichia coli. Different media and method were used for the isolation, identification an characterization of E. coli. Total 30 strains of E. coli were isolated from fecal matter of equine species and tested for the penicillin acylase activity. About 13 isolates gave the enzyme activity.
For the production of cell mass, different low cost media was used to cut down the price of production. Corn steep liquor, molasses, milk whey and wheat bran was tested for the growth of E. coli. These industrial wastes can minimize the production cost of 6-APA which has a high demand for the production of semi-synthetic penicillins. Corn steep liquor showed better growth of E. coli and can be used as the cheap source of carbon and nitrogen.Phenylacetic acid was also used in the growth medium and it was used as the inducer for enzyme. Without phenylacetic acid in medium, enzyme production decreases.
Corn steep liquor is the best sources for production of cells which is 0.520 mg mL-1 Molasses also better for fermentation and highest value is 0.336 mg mL-1. Milk whey media needs further studies for the better production of cells with using different concentrations.it gave best production 0.112 mg mL-1 Wheat bran is not proper source for cell production and does no showed E. Coli growth. All the strains showed growth in corn steep liquor, milk whey and molasses but not in wheat bran. Among all the strains horse sample (Ho-9) showed better cell production in all the media used.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1571,T] (1).
152.
Identification Of Polymorphism In Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Co-Activator Alpha And its Effect on Milk Yied in Sahiwal Cattle
by Farheen Iqbal | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Ms. Faiza | Ms. Maryam Javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background: PPARGC1A is also known as PCG1A gene. PPARGC1A has a key function in activating a variety of nuclear hormone receptors and transcription factors regulating energy homeostasis. It is also involved in adaptive thermogenesis, oxidative metabolism, adipogenesis, and gluconeogenesis. The bovine peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-? co activator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) gene is associated with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for milk fat yield.
Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that PPARGC1A gene has genetic association with milk production traits and can be used as molecular marker.
Parameters/ Methodology: 50 Blood samples of unrelated true representative were collected from two Government livestock farms. DNA will be extracted and amplification of the PPARGC1A exonic region was performed with specially designed primers. Sequencing of the PCR products was performed on ABI genetic analyzer.
Statistical Design: Analysis of the sequences was done with the help of various bioinformatics software such as Chromas (2.1), Clustal W and MEGA (4.1) to identify the polymorphism. Statistical analysis was done by using SNPator software to find the relation of identified polymorphism with milk yield.
Conclusion: This study helped in contributing the more milk yield in cattle breeds. Furthermore it will improve the understanding about polymorphism association with milk yield of the cattle.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1584,T] (1).
153.
The Diagnostic Value Of Tta Codon Substitution In Los Angeles Galactosemia
by Sahr Malik | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Muhammad | Miss. Sehrish Firyal.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1590,T] (1).
154.
Develoopment Of A Reliable Microsatellites Maarkers Panel For Parentage Analysis In Cattle Breeds Of Pakistan and Its Validatio Through Cytochrome B Gene Sequencing
by Tanveer Hussain | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Ahmad Ali | Dr. Muhammad Wasim.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pakistan posseses enormous Animal Genetic Resource (AnGR) with 36.9 millions of cattle population. The data on genetic fabric of these breed is yet to be documented for their genetic characterization and identification. This work reports first country wide microsatellite markers and cytochrome b gene based genetic characterization of 10 famous cattle breeds of Pakistan. A total of 352 blood samples from unrelated and phenotypically representative of ten native cattle breeds including Bos indicus; Sahiwal, Cholistani, Red Sindhi, Tharparker, Dhanni, Dajal, Lohai, Bhagnari, Achai and Bos indicus x Bos taurus; Nari Master, and an exotic Bos taurus; Holstein Friesian breeds were collected from their respective home tracts, institutional herds and private livestock farms located throughtout the country. These samples were subject to DNA extraction using inorganic method caliberated to same concentration in Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory of the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Pakistan. A total of 21 microsatellite markers recommended by the programme for the global management of genetic resources (MoDAD) for breed characterization of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) were applied. Multiplex PCR were optimized for amplification and were genotyped using ABI Genetic Analyzer 3130 xl using LIZ as size standard. Genotyping results were analyzed using POPGENE and Arlequin ver 3.5 software. The observed and effective number of alleles ranged from 10 (INRA32) to 43 (TGLA126) and 2.3574 (CSSM66) to 15.0019 (BM6526) respectively in all breeds? The observed and expected heterozygosity estimates ranged from 0.0638 (INRA32) to 0.7101 (BM2113) and 0.6510 (INRA32) to 0.9347 (BM6526) respectively in the experimental samples. Mean values for observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.4943 ± 0.1647 and 0.8164 ± 0.0930 respectively. Mean values for Fis, Fit and Fst in all cattle breeds were calculated as 0.2819, 0.3864 and 0.1456 respectively. Average polymorphic information content (PIC) of all microsatellite loci was 0.81 indicating a high degree of informativeness of all microsatellite markers used. It implies that the same set of markers is equally good and could reliably be used for parentage confirmation in Pakistani cattle breeds. The data produced, also showed least degree of genetic difference between Red Sindhi and Tharparker breeds. This may due to mixing of the two breeds for being in close proximity of their home tracts.
Fragment mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was also amplified using specific primers through PCR of 130 individuals representing all selected breeds and sequencing was done using ABI Genetic Analyzer 3130 xl. The sequences were aligned and analyzed with CodonCode Alligner 4.0.4 software. The analysis revealed highly degree of sequence conservation in all the Pakistani cattle while documenting changes in only 9 nucleotides from 26 individuals whereas multiple nucleotide changes in 5 locations were shown by more than one individual in the data presented. One polymorphic site was found in nucleotide 318 (T?C) in several breeds of indicine cattle while 2 Lohani and 5 Nari Master individuals showed nucleotide changes specific to taurine cattle. Of all the changes found, only three of them caused changes in the amino acid sequence. The UPGMA tree using MEGA 5.1 showed a clear differentiation between taurine and indicine cattle, except for Nari Master Pakistani cattle showing mitochondrial taurine sequences because it's a cross between Bhagnari (Bos indicus) and Australian Draught Master (Bos taurrus). The estimates of divergence among breeds were also low for most breed pairs, except for Nari Master and Dhanni whereas the overall divergence within Bos indicus or within Bos taurus were also very low (0.002 and 0.003, respectively) but the differences between Bos indicus and Bos taurus were significantly higher (0.014) as should be the case.
These results of microsatellite markers have produced a set of information that can be recommended as a reliable marker panel for studies on genetic diversity analysis, parentage confirmation. The cytochrome b data on the other hand not only substantiated genetic diversity analyses but it also proved to be equally good for comparative Phylogenetic analysis of Pakistani cattle breeds and exotic breeds. This work provides most authenticated data and adds a great deal, to already existing information on Pakistani AnGR. This information coupled with prospective data using next generation genetic technologies will assist designing breed improvement focused breeding policies and conservation activities in future.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1597,T] (1).
155.
Pcr (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Test Development And Its Application For The Diagnosis Of Congenital Leptin Deficiency
by Nida Fakhar | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Miss Faiza | Miss. Sehrish Firyal.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1383,T] (1).
156.
Bioconversion Of Whey To Beta-Galactosidase By Aspergillus Niger
by Muhammad Tayyab Younas | Ms. Huma Mujahid | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Ms. Sehrish.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Beta-galactosidase (lactase) has catalytic property to hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose. It is extensively used for the synthesis of milk made products through fermentation. Food rich in lactose have variety of application in industrial and environmental processes.
In present study production, purification andcharacterization of ?-galactosidase synthesized by Aspergillus niger has been considered as a great challenge. Beta-glactosidase is an important enzyme involved in conversion of lactose into glucose and galactose and produced on industrial scale for its large applications in the field of health, and food. The production of beta-galactosidase was carried out from fungal culture of Aspergillus niger using whey as a substrate. Optimization of different physical parameters such as temperature, pH, addition of corn steep liquor and production, purification and characterization of beta galactosidase enzyme from Aspergillus niger were studied. Optimum concentration of whey (4mL) were found 13.42 IU/mL and activity of beta galactosidase was found maximum at 72 h of incubation period and further incubation period decline the activity.Optimum pH (13.50 IU/mL)and temperature (17.67 IU/mL) were found 5.5 and 40°C respectively. Addition of corn steep liquor was enhanced the activity of beta galactosidase. Maximum activity was found with 0.6% of corn steep liquor which was 19.4IU/mLas compare to the other nitrogen sources. Finally, addition of ammonium sulphate ?-galactosidase was purified. ?-galactosidase was characterized considering ortho-Nitrophenyl-?-galactoside (ONPG) and whey as a substrate The purified beta-galactosidase was confirmed by SDS PAGE analysis which has molecular weight of 74kDa. The study could also establish that whey could effectively be utilized for ?- galactosidase production thus alleviating water pollution problems caused due to its disposal into the water streams.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1387,T] (1).
157.
Identification Of Pesticide Residues In Different Vegetable Collected From Market Of Lahore, Pakistan.
by Anam Munawar | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pesticides are the chemicals which are used to kill or repel the unwanted objects such as pests. Different types of pesticides are present which undergo a different mechanism and kill the pests. Four different types are being used in Pakistan such as organophosphate, organochlorine, pyrehtroid and carbamates. Use of organophosphate and organochlorine become less due the presence of residues. Use of pesticides is increased for a number of purposes such as to increase the rate of production, to decrease the damage of crops and to increase the saving time of different vegetables.
Vegetables are the main source of income of Pakistan, and vegetables are common in our use. Vegetables contain different nutritional elements of our diets. That's why vegetables play an important role in the nutritious diet of a person. The spray of different chemicals on vegetables not only decreases the nutritional elements but also increase the risk of different diseases.
As pesticides leave their residues in vegetables, different techniques can be used to detect the residues and their maximum residue limit, at which limit these pesticides are harmful for humans. Pesticides can also act on unintended individual such as human beings and cause different acute and chronic diseases.
Different vegetables were selected for analyses that are common in use and available in every season. Pesticides which were selected are that which are common in Pakistan and from different pesticide classes.
In present study vegetables of different areas of Lahore were collected and analyzed through HPTLC and GC/MS. HPTLC was used to analyze and calculate the concentration and GC/MS was used for the confirmation of results, and it was concluded that which vegetable contain the high concentration of pesticides. It was studied that which vegetable absorb large amount of pesticides. Potato, tomato, egg plant, okra and cucumber of different markets of Lahore contain high concentration of pesticides as compared to the other vegetables.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1510,T] (1).
158.
Suitability Of In-House Developed Pt-Pcr Fro The Detection And Serotyping Of Dengue Virus In Pakistan
by Kashif Iqbal Sahibzada | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Asma Waris.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Dengue Virus (DENV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of family Flaviviridae having four serological different serotypes such as DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4 (Bai et al., 2008) Being a Flaviviridae member, the dengue virus is transmitted to human by genus Aedes, mainly Aedes agypti. Over the years dengue fever has become a significant infectious disease in different parts of the world that leads and increases the growth of mosquitoes. It has become epidemic in more than 100 countries on the globe with more than 2.5 billion people at the risk of infection. Pakistan has witnessed some severe outbreaks of dengue viral infection which results to major morbidity and mortality since mid of 90s. There is a need to overcome this infectious and in many cases fatal disease. Imprecise fatality morbidity and statistics underrate the magnitude of dengue as a regional health problem. Medical and public health services have been incapable to diminish this infection since there is no current vaccine available to prevent infectious disease, no effective medical treatments that avert the development of severe symptoms and no sustainable control measures against the vector that guarantee protection of affected communities.
Management of dengue patients and principally dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) cases are the alarming challenges now a day and in the upcoming episodes in this country. To deal with this challenge a sensitive and specific technique is required for its early diagnosis along with the knowledge of dengue serotype to increase the specificity of diagnosis and treatment. This study was designed to check the usefulness of nucleic acid based molecular determination of dengue virus along with nucleic acid sequencing/ analysis of different Dengue serotypes through phylogenetic studies.
Total 50 Blood samples were collected from the dengue suspected patients in 2011 outbreak of dengue. Samples were analyzed by PCR based detection and were compared with IgG, IgM detections to check the usefulness of PCR based nucleic acid detection. In second phase of study nucleic acid sequencing was done
The study has recommended PCR as a suitable and sensitive method for the rapid detection of dengue virus as it was found more sensitive than other utilized techniques including antibodies detection however it was not found useful to differentiate between primary and secondary infection for which a combination of IgG, IgM is more helpful choice. Nucleic acid analysis helped to define the common serotypes/genotypes of dengue virus circulating in Pakistan. In addition the present study has correlated our studied serotypes to other serotypes circulating in the globe which showed 98% homology with Srilankan strain and find out sequence similarities of our serotypes to the other serotypes distributed worldwide through phylogenetic analysis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1551,T] (1).
159.
Genetic Characterization Of Pakistani Lathy Pigeons Using D-Loop, Cyt B And 16S Rrna Genes As Genetic Marker
by Muhammad Umair Latif | Ms. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1399,T] (1).
160.
Diagnostic Value Of 4Bp- 5' Gtca Deletion In Duarte Galactosemia
by Sadia Zia | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Ms. Faiza | Ms. Sehrish Firyal.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1602,T] (1).
161.
Mutational Analysis Of Myelocytomatosis (Myc) Gene Isolated From Dog & Cat Tumours.
by Anum Kamal | Dr. Mhammad Wasim | Dr. Muhammad | Ms. Sehrish Firyal.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Now a day's pets, dogs & cats form an important part of society and their health care have gain much popularity among owners. The hazardous radiations, along with other ailments cause different cancers in them which are the most fatal diseases. This increase in cancer prevalence is also related to animals living to increasingly older ages due to better nutrition, vaccination and health care provided to them. In order to provide proper treatment and care to these animal cancer patients, it is important to gather knowledge about the genes involve in causing them. There are many genes which regulate the cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Here in this study we have tried to understand this dreadful disease at molecular level. And hoping the knowledge gain through this would help in providing better treatment in future, not only to pets but also to humans. Dogs and humans share anatomical and physiological similarities, and a large number of cancers are diagnosed and managed to some extent in dogs annually. More importantly the basic biology of cancer in dogs is analogous to human cancers. According to an estimate every fourth dog suffers with cancer.
The deregulation and mutations in proto-oncogenes are the subjects under study. One such proto-oncogene is Myc, whose translated protein act as a transcription factor and regulates the expression of various genes. Myc protein binds DNA at specific sites, i-e e-box sequence and initiates the transcription of other genes, and controls their expression. Myc is assumed to regulate 15% of all cellular genes. Elevated expression of Myc is spotted in about 70% of all cancers.
The sampling was done from pet dogs and cats, belonging to different breeds with diagnosed tumor type, from the pet centre of university of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore and various private pet clinics. 3-5 ml blood was collected aseptically and genomic DNA was extracted from blood using inorganic extraction method & its quantity was checked by NanoDrop spectophotometer. Four primer sets were designed to amplify protein coding region of Myc gene. After amplification through PCR, DNA sequencing was done. Data interpretation was done by using several softwares like BLAST alignment tool, Chromas Lite, Mega 5.2, Phyre 2, VMD 1.9.1, & PyMOL. A polymorphic change was detected in the protein coding region of Myc gene, which causes an amino acid substitution at lys355 by Arg, thus changing the Myc protein sequence. But this change might not affect protein structure much, as in some bHLH proteins Arg355 resides normally. Some changes in the 3'UTR were also detected which might play crucial part in stabilizing the Myc protein, by altering silencer box or miRNA binding sites. Thus high level of stable Myc protein causes increase cell division leading to tumor production.
This study will make available the genetic data and contribute substantial addition in the existing information in animal genetic resources. It would also aid in future to assess the possibility whether Myc can serve as a useful marker for diagnosis and prognosis of these malignancies. The need for today is to develop valid biomarkers, which can be incorporated in ongoing in vivo and in vitro clinical mechanistic and improve the diagnosis & prognosis of this dreadful disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1604,T] (1).
162.
Designing The Small Interference Rna Against Expression Of Coat Protein (Cp) Gene Of Potato Virus X (Pvx)
by Shafique Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Ms. Faiza.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1605,T] (1).
163.
Biochemical Identification Of Various Causes Of Anemia In Females From District Pakpattan
by Hafiz. Muhammad Toqeer | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Mr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Anemia is estimated to be affecting almost 600 millions people all over the globe and is regarded as deficiency in Hemoglobin concentration. The decreased amount of hemoglobin in blood could not been able to fulfill the oxygen demand of tissues in body. Keeping in view the above situation, a study was planned to investigate the various types of anemia in dist. Pakpattan.
One hundred blood samples were collected from females randomly selected from various parts of district Pakpattan. The samples were divided into two groups on the basis of age. Group A contains the patients with age between 14 to 26 years where as Group B consist of patients with age 27 to 40 years. Samples were processed in-order to estimate Complete Blood Count, serum iron level, serum ferritin levels, vitamin B12 assay and HPLC based estimation of various variants of hemoglobin.
The results demonstrated that 62% of the total female population of dist. Pakpattan was found to be anemic. Among Group A, 66.66% were anemic due to iron deficiency and 33.33% were due to chronic disease. Group B contained 59.09% anemic, out of these patients, 57.69% were anemic due to iron deficiency, 38.46% due to chronic disease and 2.27% due to deficiency of Vitamin B12. Iron deficiency was found to be the major cause of anemia that is followed by anemia due to chronic disease and Vitamin B12 deficiency. The intensity of anemia was 5% higher in young age females (Group A) as compared to the elder age females (Group B).
This work provided the information about the prevalence of various types of anemia in the population of dist. Pakpattan. The data will be helpful for developing strategy for the control of anemia in future. Further study with a large number of samples, is required throughout the country for the establishment of a data base that will be a good step to control various types of anemia.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1611,T] (1).
164.
An Insight Into Mutational Analysis Of B-Cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Gene And Its Involvement In Pets Cancer
by Asma Irshad | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Mr. Akhtar Ali | Ms. Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: There are various type of tumors associated with dog (Canis familiaris) and cat (Feline catus) which are responsible for death of these pets. Bcl-2 proto-oncogene was firstly depicted as of the t(14;18) trans-location cut-off point inside human follicular B-cell lymphoma. The Bcl-2 protein is a core control device of planed cell death as well as is concerned within DNA transformation, cell-cycle and differentiation control. Bcl-2 expression within endothelial cells was described en route for enhance cancer metastasis. Mammary gland tumors are the mainly frequent neo-plasms happening into feminine dogs and cats and are malevolent inside more or less 50% of the cases. Bcl-2 expression is not merely interrelated through an enhanced expression but as well by means of an abridged aptitude on behalf of far-away immigration of mammary gland cancer cells. Metastasis to tissues like skin, nasal passage and oral cavity has also been reported in 5-6.9 percent of cases.
Various parameters, used in the present study were aimed to analyze coding regions of Bcl-2gene to study the mutations involved in cancers. Blood samples of unrelated true representative of cancers were collected from Pet center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. DNA was extracted with the standard protocol and amplification of the Bcl-2 gene was done with specially designed primers.
Later on, analysis of the results was done by sequencing of amplicons. Sequences were analyzed through BioEdit software and then aligned with reference sequence using clustalW2 software.
In the present study, analysis of mutations was done in Bcl-2gene isolated from Canis familiaris and Feline catus. But not a single nucleotide polymorphism was found in exon 1 and 2 of Bcl-2 gene isolated from blood of affected animals with different cancer types.
In the conclusion, we report that no mutations were observed in the Bcl-2 gene isolated from different affected pets. It may be due to limited number of samples and/or require extraction of DNA from tumor tissue. There is a need to explore the other gene mutations causing cancers in population of pets that will ultimately help to develop genetic counseling strategies, gene therapies and prenatal diagnostic procedures for the population of Pets.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1612,T] (1).
165.
Molecular Epidemiology Of Subclinical Tuberculosis In Peri-Urban Human Population Of Lahore.
by Sadeem Shahzad | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Tuberculosis (TB) is known to be a major health problem worldwide causing disease among millions of people every year. Major cause of tuberculosis in human is the infection with M.tuberculosiswhich usually causes pulmonary or lungs TB but an unknown number of patients are also infected with M.bovis which causes tuberculosis in humans as zoonotic agent along with its major hosts like cattle and deer. In developing countries where raw milk is used without pasteurisation there is a heavy risk of tuberculosis infection with M.bovis. TB infection with M.bovis mainly appears as extra pulmonary tuberculosis with and without specific symptoms of the disease.Diagnosis of subclinical asymptomatic tuberculosis and that of extra pulmonary tuberculosis is a difficult task and most of the time disease remains undiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to the unavailability of specific and sensitive diagnostic tool to diagnose the disease at early stage. Moreover prevalence of M.bovisinfection is not properly known.
This study was designed to measure the diagnostic value of Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) for early and reliable diagnosis of subclinical extra pulmonary TB along with the molecular epidemiology of subclinical extra pulmonary TB to check the prevalence of M.bovisinfection. IGRA is a latest blood test with high specificity and sensitivity based on the principle of Interferon gamma released by effector T-Cell when exposed to M.tuberculosis antigens like ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in controlled in-vitro conditions. Eighty patients were selected for the study on the bases of the history of having day to day cattle contact along with feelings of sickness. Biopsy tissue samples of all the patients which were positive with IGRA were requested, however 24 out of 27 positive samples were collected and were first examined histologically. Twenty seven samples out of eighty were found positive with IGRA while 22 out of 24 samples were confirmed by histological examination as infected with MTB.
Both IGRA and histological examination are unable todifferentiate between the specie specific infection with M.tuberculosis orM.bovis for which differential amplification of specific fragments of bothof the species was done by running a multiplex PCR using M.tuberculosis specific 185 bp pncA product and M.bovis specific 500 bp segment. Genomic DNA was extracted from previously formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues which requires pretreatment for deparaffinization. Xylene was used as deparaffinization agent. All of the twenty two samples positive with IGRA and histological study were found positive for M.tuberculosis infection and none of the sample was found positive for M.bovis infection. Results showeda close correlation among all three techniques with their specific benefits and limitations.
Study concluded that T.Spot TB (IGRA) is a potentially reliable test for the diagnosis of subclinical, extrapulmonary TB.Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissues may be used for TB diagnosis and other DNA based researches. Duplex PCR is a reliable technique for differential diagnosis of infection with different species of MTB complex, though none of the sample was found positive for M.boviswhich is may be due to small sample size of the study and it may further be studied in future researches. The research findings will help the clinicians to depend on IGRA testing for timely and reliable diagnosis of extrapulmonary subclinical tuberculosis and potential use of FFPE tissue samples as appropriate specimen for molecular based diagnosis of TB. Further studies are however, required to check the prevalence of M.bovis infection byincreasing sample size.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1621,T] (1).
166.
Leptin Mutations In Morbidly Obese And Severely Lean Individuals From Pakistan
by Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Imran.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1623,T] (1).
167.
Decolorization And Degradation Of Azo Dyes In Textile Effluent By Candida Tropicalis
by Urooj Chaudhry | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Ms. Asma Waris.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Azo dyes are synthetic organic compounds widely used in the textile, paper, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industries. It consist of one or more azo bonds (-N=N-) associated with one or more aromatic systems. Studies indicate that these dyes are toxic, harmful to the environment and form carcinogenic and/or mutagenic aromatic amines. These are not readily biodegradable in textile effluent treatment.
To decolorize and degrade the textile industry dye effluents by treatment with microorganism Candida tropicalis (yeast) to an extent to make it least harmful to the water habitat and also to make fit for irrigation purposes. The influencing parameters that affect the percentage of decolorization rates are optimized in still culture fermentation. Spectrophotometric analysis method was used to estimate decolorization of textile effluent at its?max 390 nm. The optimal values of parameters such as effluent to water ratio, fermentation time and pH and carbon to nitrogen ratio are found to be 1:5, 72 hours, 6.0and 1:1.72 respectively. The concentration of ionic saltof CaCl2 was also optimized for maximum decolorizationand optimized concentration was 0.15% for Candida tropicalisrespectively. The decolorization of effluent was carried out on large scale in a flask of 2.5 L by applying the predetermined optimum levels. In this case the maximum percent of decolorization of the effluent was found to 80.34% with Candida tropicalis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1629,T] (1).
168.
Molecular Study Of Apolipoprotein E Gene In Hypercholesterolemic Families
by Nasir Ali | Mr. Akhtar Ali | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Asif Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1630,T] (1).
169.
Lysine Production On Pilot Scale By Brevibacterium Flavum And Its Characterization, Purification And Crystallization
by Muhammad Faisal | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | DR. Aftab | Mrs. Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Food and feed protein demands have increased due to raise in population. Therefore continuous efforts have been progressed to enhance the production rate by conventional and non conventional methods. Fermentation technology have participated decisive role for a long time period and presently the amino acids formed by fermentation set apart principal biotechnology products significantly. By consuming low-cost carbon supply mutants originate potential to the inexpensive built-up for amino acids. L-lysine demand is steadily rising in the sector of feed stuffs, soft drinks, food ingredients, pharmacy and biological fluids, etc. In order to meet the market demand and accomplish growing and assorted L-lysine requirements, microbial metabolic engineering and recombinant DNA technology is the only hope and possibility for advancing the strains. Purification and isolation of material produced is a very significant element extremely influences fermentation practice usefulness and manufacturing expenses. It demands enhancement in the recycling procedure of amino acids, mainly L-lysine.
The present study was designed to produce lysine on pilot scale by using Brevibacterium flavum. A variety of agricultural byproducts like wheat bran, sugar cane molasses and rice polishing were utilized as substrate for lysine production through fermentation by using Brevibacterium flavum. Primarily optimum conditions were determined through fermentation for lysine production on micro scale. Subsequently these conditions were employed for biosynthesis of lysine on pilot scale. Qualitative assay of lysine was performed by TLC and quantitative assay by spectrophotometrically. It was found that amongst all the substrates 4% molasses was produced maximum lysine at 300C. Different inorganic and organic material like 0.4% CaCO3, O.4% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.1% NaCl, 0.8% KH2PO4, 2.5 % (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 % urea, 0.04 mg % biotin and 0.6 % corn steep liquor were found to be optimal for maximum lysine yield. After pilot scale production of lysine in fermentor, different techniques of downstream were applied. The biomass liquor thus produced was purified and crystallized through different techniques to transform in to L-lysine crystals. The information thus attained was subjected to statistical analysis by using one way ANOVA on optimization of different parameters for L-lysine production and comparison of mean values was done by Least Significant Difference (LSD).
Based on the above observations it was concluded that molasses is the most suitable substrate among other agriculture wastes for maximum lysine production with Brevibacterium flavum.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1631,T] (1).
170.
The Study Of Retinoblastoma (Rb) Gene Mutations Involved In Different Types Of Cancers In Dogs And Cats.
by Siddra Pervaiz | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor.
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1632,T] (1).
171.
Analysis Of Medulla In Human Head Halr In Different Castes
by Summaiya Aurangzeb | Dr. Wasim Shehzad | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1633,T] (1).
172.
Isolation, Purification And Characterization Of Xylanase From Aspergillus Flavus (Wild Stin) Using Agriculture Waste as Substrate
by Hadia Rehman | Ms. Asma Waris | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1634,T] (1).
173.
Analysis Of Cuticle And Ovoid Bodies In Human Hair
by Aamna Khan | Ms. Maryam Javed | Ms. Faiza | Ms. Sehrish Firyal.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1635,T] (1).
174.
Identification Of Polymorphisms In 6Th & 7Th Exons Of "Parkin Gene" And Their Relationship With Parkinson'S Disease.
by Sadaf Niaz | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aif Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1638,T] (1).
175.
Mutational Analysis Of Parkin Gene And Its Association Eith Parkinson'S Disease
by Misbah Hussain | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Miss. Asma | Miss. Saeeda Kalsoom.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which dopamine neurons are lost in sabstantia nigra. It is second most prevalent disorder after Alzheimer's disease. PD is also referred as movement disorder because its main characteristics are movement related like rigidity, slowness of movement and resting tremors which are caused by the loss of dopamine in putamen specially its caudal portion
Lots of work has been done on PD but still actual mechanism of its progression is unknown. Scientists have declared genetic mutations, oxidative stress, pesticide exposure, high caloric food etc as causative agents for PD. There are 6 genes which are responsible for PD. Mutations in the parkin gene produce Early Onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) in 50-60% of patients. parkin gene encodes for Parkin protein which consist of 4 domains (UBL, RING1, IBR, RING2). UBL domain is involved in the interaction with substrates. While the other 3 domains helps in interaction with E2 Ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme.
Most frequent mutations in this gene are the point mutations. 2nd exon of parkin gene is considered as one of the hotspot for mutations. First three exons code for Ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain, which help in the attachment with substrates like Rpn10 subunit of 26S proteasome. Rpn10 subunit of 26S proteasome binds with Arginine at position 42 located in UBL domain of parkin. This 26S proteasome degrade the unfolded proteins into short peptides of 7-8 amino acids in length, which are then further degraded in shorter fragments which are then used in the formation of new proteins.
In current study, I have done mutational analysis of parkin gene and found one very important noval point mutation which is a transition C'T mutation in UBL domain, which results in the amino acid substitution Arginine' Cysteine at position 42 (location where Rpn10 subunit of 26S proteasome binds). Arginine and Cysteine are biochemically different in nature and in the classification based on R group they belongs to different groups. Arginine is a polar positive amino acid while Cysteine is polar uncharged and contain sulfur molecule. So, this amino acid change could result in the decreased or no attachment of 26S proteasome (catalyzes protein degradation) via its Rpn10 subunit which selectively binds with the poly-ubiquitin chain of damaged proteins.
So, this decreased attachment inhibits the degradation of misfolded and defected protein in the cytosol. In result of this inhibition these defected proteins will start gathering and form aggregates within the cytosol of cell it will eventually decrease cell's function and cell will start dying.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1643,T] (1).
176.
Evaluation Of The Detoxification Potential Of Lactic Acid Bacteria From Curd And Whey Against Ochratoxin A In Broiler
by Afshan shabbir | Ms Huma Mujahid | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1657,T] (1).
177.
Identification Of Polymorphism In Bone Morphogentic Protein Receptor Type-1B (Bmpr-1B) In Teddy Goats
by Sonia Noreen Anjum | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Abu Saeed | Ms. Sehrish Firyal.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Teddy goats provide a great scope for enhancing meat and milk production being the primary objective to compensate for increased demand in Pakistan. It is an established fact that an animal producing twins or triplet contributes more than 1.5 times toward meat than the animals producing single offspring per kidding. Hence, the identification of major fecundity genes, mutations of which are thought to elevate ovulation rate and litter size in goats as well as sheep breeds, has been the center of attention for all scientists. Four major fecundity genes expressed in goat ovary namely: GDF-9, BMP-15, ESR-? and BMPR-1B are the causative genes for high prolificacy.
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1B (BMPR-1B) gene first identified ingranulosa cells of ovary. A-G transition at 746 bp at the FecB gene locus causing an amino acid substitution namely Q249R increases the antral follicular maturation leading to the release of a large number of ovules hence increasing litter size in range from 1.4-2.7 kids/birth.
In this study, blood samples from 52 Teddy goats were collected having twining record and processed for DNA extraction. DNA fragments containing FecB gene were PCR-amplified from extracted DNA samples. The PCR amplicons containing Q249R substitution were subjected to RFLP so that the presence or absence of these polymorphisms could be analyzed.
On analysis with DdeI restriction enzyme, three types of allelic fragments namely: wild type, homozygous mutant and heterozygous mutant of FecB gene mutation in Pakistani Teddy goats were to be observed. Whereas,the results obtained for this study strongly suggests that the Q249R mutation of FecB marker in BMPR-1B gene was not present in Teddy goats and these goats were found to be non-carriers for this mutation having wild type alleles. However, this work did not claimed the absence of any other mutation in BMPR-1B. There may be the involvement of other fecundity genescausing the increased prolificacy of these goats causing twining and triplets namely: Growth differentation factor-9 (GDF-9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1670,T] (1).
178.
Biosafety Studies Of Transgenic Sugarcane Developed By Camb
by Rizwan Abid | Miss Asma Waris | Dr Abu saeed hashmi | Miss Maryam.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: GM crops confer multiple number of benefits yet it is required to evaluate these crops from every aspect in terms of toxicity, allergenicity or if they cause any immune response. Through brisk improvement in biotech field, a number of transgenic crops have come into prominence and permitted by regulatory authorities for farming and commercialization globally. The potential risk assessment associated with transgenes effect on non-target organisms is of great concern.
The present work was carried out to study the effect of Herbicidal resistant EPSPS protein on animals. For this purpose 40 rabbits were selected i.e., Albino red eye (Newzealand breed). Rabbits are mammals and herbivores and have 95% sequence homology and similar cellular and enzymatic functions like human. Several physical, molecular, histological and biochemical analysis had confirmed the safety of EPSPS protein on non target animals.
The first goal was risk assessment of EPSPS (glyphosate tolerant gene) on rabbits. A total number of forty (40) rabbits of approximately 5-7 weeks old were selected at the start of experiment. These rabbits were placed in 4 groups with comparable body weights, i.e. A, B, C, and D respectively having 10 animals in each group. The 4 groups of animals consisted of purely control diet group (A), non transgenic diet group (B), the 33% transgenic sugarcane diet group (C) and the 40% transgenic sugarcane diet group (D). The groups were fed their particular diets for 90 days. Weight data of each group was recorded after intervals of seven days which showed no difference between these four groups. The weight and growth of all the rabbits increased with the passage of time. Molecular analyses i.e. SDS-PAGE and PCR was also confirmed the absence of EPSPS in blood and urine samples. Furthermore, histological studies gave no evident difference in cellular architecture of transgenic and non transgenic fed rabbits. Finally biochemical tests i.e., Blood urine nitrogen, Alanine transferase, Aspartate transferase, Creatinine, BUN and Cholesterol were observed. Physiological changes of organs were not confirmed in experimental groups when compared to control.
Present studies will help in successful deployment and commercial release of genetically modified sugarcane in Pakistan. Data will also be helpful in evaluating more biosafety concerns about transgenic plants and their potential impact on animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1701,T] (1).
179.
Biochemical & Molecular Characterization Of Locally Isolated Extremophile
by Iram Murtaza | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Ms. Sehrish | Ms. Shagufta Saeed.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Extremophiles are microorganisms with the ability to survive under extreme of conditions. Due to their extreme stability, these microorganisms produce unique biocatalysts that have been exploited in various industrial processes. These micro-organisms are unique factories for the production of enzymes that have great potential for agriculture, textile, pharmaceutical, poultry and detergent industries.
The present study was conducted for the isolation and characterization of alkaliphile. The sampling was done from spring located in Rawat, Pakistan. Optimization of growth conditions was done by growing the microorganism at various conditions including temperature, pH and salt concentration. The microorganism was identified on the basis of biochemical characteristics as well as on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Regarding the molecular characterization, the genomic DNA was isolated from the strain and was utilized for the amplification of 16S rRNA gene. The PCR product was ligated in pTZ57R/T. The ligation mixture was utilized for the transformation of E.coli DH5-? cells. The presence of insert in recombinant pTZ57R/T was confirmed by single and double restriction with EcoR1 and Hind III which resulted in the liberation of DNA fragment. The gene sequence was utilized for the phylogenetic analysis. The microorganism was found to be Gram positive rods involved in the production of catalase, amylase, protease, enzymes and gave positive results for Mannitol, Voges Proskauer Tests while negative for citrate utilization and nitrate reduction test. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the newly isolated strain showed maximum homology with various members of genus Exiguobacterium. The newly isolated strain was declared a new member of genus Exiguobacterium and was named as Exiguobacterium UVAS-01.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1706,T] (1).
180.
Molecular Identification Of Bacterial Infections In Human Spontaneous Abortions
by Zarish Noreen | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Mr. Akhar Ali | Ms. Faiza Masood.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: A miscarriage medically known as spontaneous abortion is defined as a pregnancy that ends by itself spontaneously before the fetus has reached a viable gestational age of 20 to 24 weeks. Brucellosis, Q fever and Chlamydiosis are the zoonotic diseases that are widely distributed around the world and are caused by gram negative Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila pecorum and Chlamydophila abortus. The current study was carried out for the molecular detection of five zoonotic bacteria in spontaneous human abortion cases. The complete blood analysis is helpful for the early diagnosis of infections in pregnancy. In this study complete blood count (CBC) and liver function test (LFT) of all patients was carried out and it was found that hemoglobin, total leukocyte count (TLC), serum bilirubin, serum alkaline phosphate, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values were found to be increased as compared to normal values which indicated the fact that these parameters may fluctuate in human abortion cases.
Similarly in the present study DNA was isolated from blood samples by adopting the procedure of Genex kit. Five sets of primers were used as described earlier for identification of bacteria (Berri et al. 2009; Bally et al. 1992). In our local population of pregnant women the risk of different bacteria was evaluated and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) results were analyzed to determine the presence of different bacterial pathogens in all patients. The percentage prevalence of each bacterial pathogen was calculated. The prevalence of B. abortus was found to be maximum (11.6%) while B. melitensis was not detected in any patient. However, C. burnetii and C. pecorum was found to be 3.33% each and C. abortus was found to be 6.66% respectively. In healthy females no infection was observed. Quantitative data in this study was statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 17.0). The m-PCR assay developed in current study provides a new tool for Brucellosis, Chlamydiosis and Q fever diagnosis. The application of this assay may be helpful to control animal and human infections. The study will result in the development of a diagnosis test that can be utilized for the identification of bacterial infections at early stage of pregnancy and will be helpful to reduce the number of abortions by treatment of specific bacterial infections.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1712,T] (1).
181.
Molecular Characterization Of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes In Salmonella Isolates From Poultry
by Saba Zeb Khan | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad | Ms. Sehrish Firyal.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Salmonella is a gram negative bacteria which can cause a number of different diseases including gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and typhoid fever, with the most common being gastroenteritis, some serotypes of it are pathogenic and cause serious food poisoning in humans and major economic losses in both chicken and turkeys. The birds can be the reservoir of Salmonella species which cause food borne infections in human. Human get such infections by ingesting contaminated products. In poultry farms, Salmonella can be introduced by means of contaminated feeds, particularly those that contain animal raw materials.
Use of antibiotics in poultry has become a popular practice. Different antibiotics like tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim etc. are given in poultry via water and feed for growth and protection against diseases. Extensive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics resulted in increased development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Statistical data shows that Salmonella is resistant to many antibiotics especially tetracycline.
The goal of our study was Molecular characterization of tetracycline resistance genes in Salmonella spp. and to check the prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in Salmonella isolates from poultry drinking water.
Total 50 water samples were collected from different poultry farms and poultry meat shops in Lahore district.Various biochemical tests were performed to confirm the isolated strains as Salmonella. Tetracycline resistance was examined against isolates. Plasmid DNA was extracted from these bacteria. Antibiotic resistant plasmid genes were amplified by PCR. After gel electrophoresis the resulting fragments were sequenced through genetic analyzer. After sequencing the sequence thus obtained was compared with the reported sequences of tet genes in Salmonella strains in NCBI.
It was found out that Salmonella isolates from the poultry drinking water are highly resistant to tetracycline, as 83% of the isolated Salmonella from poultry drinking water showed their resistance towards tetracycline.PCR amplification of tet genes indicated the presence of tetA gene in 100% of tetracycline resistant Salmonella, whereas 64% of the samples contained tetB gene. TetB gene was present only in combination with tetA gene. None of the sample contained tetC, tetD and tetGgene.
This study helped to find out the prevalence of antibiotic resistant genes in Salmonella isolated from poultry drinking water, which were potential threats to human being and this study will also help us in future to develop strategies to restrict the emergence of antibiotic resistant genes and their spread.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1714,T] (1).
182.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Jatropha Curcas Seed Meal Toxicity With Of Without Heat And Chemical Treatments
by Nadia Nawaz | Ms. Faiza Masood | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Materials and Methods: Defatted meal was mixed with Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and methanol. 2nd sample was mixed with Sodium hydroxide NaOH and heat 3rd defatted sample was mixed with NaHCO3 solution to form a paste cover with aluminum foil and place in autoclave at 121°C for 30 minutes .The autoclave sample was dried at 250°C for 5 hours in an oven and prepared for the determination of Antinutritional factors and tried to check the best detoxification procedure and nutritional quality of Jatropha curcas seed meal. After that prepare feed and take a trail on rats, done gross pathology and biochemical analysis of blood.
Statistical analysis: Quantitative data obtained was analyzed using one way analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) under complete randomize design mean were compared using Duncan's new multiple range tests ( DMS) the statistical significance define as P ?0.05 (Nabil et al. 2011). Costat-2003, Co-Hort, version 6.303 software was used for analysis purpose.
Output: Treatment with NaOH and heat to the Jatropha meal was the best achieve method for detoxification of that seed which enhance its nutritional value.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1715,T] (1).
183.
Extraction, Purificaton And Characterization Of Proteolytic Enzyme From Fig (Ficus Carica)/ Karachi
by Haseeb Akram Sindhu | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Faiza Masood.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Today, the enzymes are generally used in various industrial applications and require for more stable, highly active and specific enzymes are growing rapidly. Global market for industrial enzymes is reported to be €1 billion in 1995 (Godfrey and West, 1996) whereas, it was increased to $2.3 billion in 2007 and was expected to increase to over $2.7 billion by 2012.
In this piece of research work, purification and characterization of papain (a proteolytic enzyme) from Kachri (Cucumis trigonus) and Ficus (Ficus carica) were carried out. Extraction of papain was done using 0.1M alkaline phosphate buffer of pH 8.00, 70% ethanol and dist.water. Purification of papain was carried out by Ammonium Sulphate precipitation and dialysis followed by Gel filtration by Sephadex G-50. Then characterization of papain such as protein estimation, determination of proteolytic activity (international Unit) of enzyme and SDS-PAGE analysis were performed to determined molecular weight. Finally, the yield and proteolytic activity of papain was measured and compared with the commercial product available in the market.
Crude preparation of enzyme has a wide specificity due to the presence of various proteinase and peptidase isozymes. The performance of the enzyme depends on the plant source, the climatic conditions for growth, and the methods used in its extraction and purification, for example, if the fruit is healthy, then enzyme found is more active.
Papain is used in many industries such as breweries, pharmaceuticals, food, leather, cosmatics, detergents, meat and fish processing for a variety of processes. Therefore, the end use segments are many in signifying that papain has high export demand (Ezekiel and Florence, 2012).
Outcomes
In case, Kachri and Ficus contain high concentration of proteolytic enzyme. These enzymes being present in natural fruit were free from any toxic effect. Hence can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Statistical analysis
Student's t-Test was used for comparing the means of two samples Kachri (Cucumis trigonus) and Ficus (Ficus carica).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1722,T] (1).
184.
Genetic Effect of Stearoyl-Coenzyme a Desaturase (SCD) Gene Polymorphism on Milk Production in Sahiwal Cattle Proulation
by Salman Randhawa | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Ms. Asma | Ms. Maryam Javed.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The importance of livestock sector in the economy of Pakistan can be elucidated from the fact that it contributed 11.4% to the national GDP during year 2012-13. In term of retail value milk is at the top among all livestock products. Milk is quantitative polygenic trait. The SCD gene is a potential candidate gene for milk production trait, positioned at chromosome 26q21. This gene is significantly associated with milk production. The characterization of bovine SCD gene has helped us to screen the animals at their early age and can be assigned as milk production marker. The aim of the current study was to identify the single nucleotide polymorphism in coding region of SCD gene and to find its association with milk production trait. Fifty blood samples of Sahiwal cattle breeds were collected from livestock farms as RCCSC. DNA was extracted by inorganic method and products were precipitated and sequenced for analysis. Analysis of the sequence is done with help of bioinformatics software FinchTV software and Bioedit Software (http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/bioedit.html) to identify the polymorphism. Total 6coding regions of SCD gene were amplified with specially designed primers. The amplified PCR polymorphic sites were observed in coding region. A Bioinformatics analysis was performed with the help of "SNPator" software to find the relation of identified polymorphism with milk production. Significant effect of polymorphisms in bovine SCD gene and association was found with milk yield in Sahiwal cattle breed. These polymorphisms may serve as powerful genetic source for the development of DNA markers that can be used for the selection of high milk producing animals for different cattle breeds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1730,T] (1).
185.
Assessment Of Mycotoxin (Aflatoxin & Ochratoxin) And Pesticides In Capsicum Frutescens
by Abdul Muqeet Khan | Miss Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Mateen | Miss. Asma Waris.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: From global prospective of food safety and food security, mycotoxin contamination of foods has gained much attention as potential health hazards for humans and animals. Cereals and other crops are exposed to fungal attack in the field or during storage and this attack may result in mycotoxin contamination of the crop. Spices and herbs are important ingredients in almost every cuisine. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are the most important for human health perspective and in developing countries such as Pakistan where climatic conditions favor the formation of these toxic metabolites. Governments and private organizations of international level have established maximum residue levels (MRLs), which usually guide to control the amount of pesticides in foods. Therefore, the current study was planned to determine occurrence of mycotoxin (Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin) in chillies and to determine incidence of pesticide residues in chilli available on the commercial market in Pakistan.
The samples of whole chilies were collected from local markets of five cities of Punjab (Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi) Pakistan. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used for the detection of aflatoxin in red chilli (whole) samples. TLC plates were checked under UV box and those samples which showed the positive results were quantitatively analyzed by Scanner Densitometer. The residual analysis of pesticides in chilies were performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in Toxicology Laboratory, QOL, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan.
It observed that chilli samples of Multan city were highly contaminated by Aflatoxin B1 as compared to other cities. Maximun contamination of Aflatoxin B2 in red chilli was found in Rawalpindi city. Maximum numbers of samples (25) were detected by ochratoxin in Sargodha city and minimum number of samples detected in Lahore city. No sample was detected as positive in the samples of Rawalpindi city. Maximun numbers of samples (25) were detected by ochratoxin in Sargodha city and minimum numbers of samples were detected in Lahore city.
Endosulfan and DDE were not detected in any samples of Lahore city. Aldrin was found positive in 55% samples and DDT was found positive in 15% samples of red chilli. Endosulfan was found samples and aldrin was found positive in 40% samples of red chilli. Contamination of Endosulfan and aldrin were higher as compared to DDT and DDE. Amount of Endosulfan and aldrin was found higher in both Sargodha and Rawalpindi cities, respectively. Endosulfan was detected in maximum number of samples as compared to other pesticides in Sargodha city whereas aldrin was found higher in Rawalpindi city.
It has been observed that aflatoxin and Pesticide levels frequently exceed the limits in red pepper (>5 ?g/kg AFB1 and 10ppb AF total; > 2mg/kg Pesticides) and that risks exist for consumers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1740,T] (1).
186.
Molecular Characterization Of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes In Salmonella Isolates From Diarrheic Calves
by Hania Zulfiqar | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Abu Saeed | Miss. Sehrish Firyal.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: A number of infectious (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and non-infectious factors cause diarrhoea in calves. Salmonella bacteria are gram-negative and belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Salmonella infections in calves continue to be a major problem worldwide and are responsible of causing major economical losses. To avoid the consequences of disease caused by Salmonella drugs like pencillin, tetracyclines e.g, are given to cattle but it is observed that Salmonella show resistance against these drugs after certain period of time. Salmonella is the major causative agent of calf diarrhea. The antibiotic genes against tetracycline and ampicillin are present in slamonella isolates from calves which are suffering from diarrhea.
Aim of my study was 1) Salmonella isolation and investigation of the antimicrobial resistance gene from diarrheic calves and 2) Molecular analysis of antibiotic resistance gene of isolated salmonella species. For this purpose, salmonella antibiotic resistant isolates against ampicillin and tetracycline were selected. Antibiotic resistant plasmid genes were amplified by PCR. After gel electrophoresis the resulting fragments were sequenced through genetic analyzer.
After sequencing all the sequences were viewed in Chromas Lite 2.1.1 , Sample sequences were aligned with the reference sequences obtained from NCBI by using Mega 5.05 software. Alignment results show that there is no Single Nucleotide Polymorphism found in salmonella.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1744,T] (1).
187.
Genetic Characterization Of Livestock Species Of Pakistan Through Dna Barcoding
by Madiha Booter | Dr.Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Abu saeed | Dr. Muhammad Imran.
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The interaction of livestock with ecosystem plays a vital role in sustainability of life. The demand of livestock products is rising day by day which is changing the relationship between livestock and natural resources. Livestock animals are playing a major role towards domestication and also contributing to fulfill human needs through meat and milk production for food industry, which generate big revenues. Pakistan is blessed with the world's best livestock species and there is a need to establish a well characterized system for the classification and identification of these important livestock species.
Mitochondrial DNA is of small size, constitutes a small fraction of the total of cell's genome and due to high rate of mutation, it is considered to be an ideal model to study evolutionary relationships. DNA barcoding is being used to characterize animals by using a standard region of mitochondrial DNA as a molecular marker. The study is designed to develop the DNA barcode for genetic characterization of livestock species of Pakistan which includes sheep, goat, cow, buffalo and camel.
Blood samples were collected from the selected livestock species. Primers were designed using primer designing free-ware software. The amplified PCR products weresequenced in both orientations by chain termination method. For data analysis,Chromas was used to read sequencing results. To study variation in all sequenced data, alignment tools were used from NCBI. Theblastnalignment tool available at NCBI is more reliable to give authentic results.The alignment results showed 100% homology with the reference sequences (No SNP or mutation was identified). The results can further be validated with the help of mass level sampling to rationalize the study at population level.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that COIDNA barcode region can be used to discriminate unknown samples of any of the species under consideration. The COIgene successfully cladded already reported sequences of the same species.
This study provided genetic data which help in species identification, to assess evolutionary pattern and genetic diversity. So, it will also be helpful to monitor legal or illegal trade of livestock species and to identify processed and unprocessed meat for quality assurance. Establishment of an elaborated DNA barcode system for livestock species will help to start taxonomic investigation and will lead towards to identify many new mammalian species of Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1752,T] (1).
188.
Genetic Effect Of Leptin Gene Polymorphisms On Silent Estrus Behavior In The Nili-Ravi Buffalo
by Fatima Muccee | Ms. Maryam Javed | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Mr. Akhtar Ali.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Buffalo is a high producing animal. But to exploit its full production potential is limited due to silent heat. Silent heat leads to improper diagnosis of estrus at the time of artificial insemination that causes low fertility in buffalo. Estrus is a quantitative polygenic trait controlled by environmental factors as well as polygenes. Among all the genes controlling estrus Leptin is the potential candidate gene for estrus trait and is positioned on chromosome 4q32. It stimulates production of GnRH and with FSH it controls production of estrogen thus affecting estrus behavior. The aim of the current study was to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms in 5 flanking sequence of exon 1 and coding region of Leptin gene and to find their association with silent estrus trait. One hundred blood samples of Nili-Ravi breed were collected from UVAS Pattoki Campus, Research Farm B and Buffalo Research Institute (BRI) Pattoki. Inorganic method was used for DNA extraction and products were precipitated and sequenced for analysis. For the analysis of sequence and to identify the polymorphism bioinformatics software FinchTV software and Bioedit software were used. The 5 flanking sequence and total 3coding regions of Leptin gene were amplified with specially designed primers. The 15polymorphic sites were observed of which one SNP was found in intron 1,9 SNPs in exon 2, 4 SNPs in intron 3 and 1 SNP in exon 3 of Leptin gene. A Bioinformatics analysis was performed with the help of "POPGENE 32" software to find the association of identified polymorphisms with silent estrus. Four SNPs were found to have significant association with silent estrus with P<0.05. SNPs were analyzed for their effect and five SNPs in exon 2 were found to be synonymous, they changed the sequence of amino acids in the Leptin protein. Population genetic analysis and allelic distribution at all loci was analysed. Out of total fifteen polymorphisms, six haplotypes were constructed on the basis of DNA sequencing of individual samples. Statistical analysis of these haplotypes was done by using SHEsis software. SignalP software was used to predict the signal peptide of the Leptin protein. Phylogenetic analysis was performed and Parsimony trees were constructed by using Mega4 Software which showed sharing of cluster by Nili-Ravi buffalo breed and cattle. This genetic characterization of Leptin gene may serve as a powerful genetic source for the development of DNA markers that can be used in association studies and for selection of animals with good heat signs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1785,T] (1).
189.
Molecular Charaterization Of Ampk Gene Of Pakistan Buffalo
by Waqas Ahmed Khan | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Ali Raza Awan.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is an agriculture country and its economy is mainly dependent on agriculture, agriculture products. Livestock has been playing an important role in the economy of the country. Livestock sector contributed approximately 51.8 percent of the agriculture value added and 11.3 percent to national GDP. Buffalo which is known as black gold of Pakistan is famous for its largest milk production in the world. A better understanding of the genetic control of energy metabolism in farm animals can have far-reaching implications for molecular breeding programs. It can allow the implementation of knowledge-based breeding to increase feed efficiency and to improve meat quality. In addition, because of the high degree of evolutionary conservation of these genes, the information gained about the genetic control of animal nutrition can be extrapolated back to questions about human nutritional genomics and disease. This study was performed to discover the single nucleotide polymorphism at AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gene in Nilli Ravi and Kundi Buffalo and their possible association with milk production. As AMPK is a sensor of energy metabolism so genetic variations in AMPK gene may also have effect the feed utilizing efficiency of animals. Buffalo is popular for utilizing low quality roughages in a better way. Buffaloes are popular in the world for high fat content and low cholesterol content as compare to cattle. A total of 128 single nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered at AMPK gene in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi Buffalo. Out of which 10 are in exonic region and 118 are in Intronic region. Most of the SNPs are Intronic it also shows that AMPK is highly conserved as it has been shown by many studies. The Intronic SNPs may have role in regulation of AMPK gene. Forty-six SNPs were discovered in Intronic region of A1 subunit of AMPK gene. Out of these 46 SNPs. Forty-four SNPs are same in both Nilli-Ravi&Kundi buffalo.
Two SNPs found at position 11908 and 12217 was present only in Kundi buffalo. These two SNPs can be used for breed characterization of Nilli-Ravi&Kundi buffalo. The numbers of SNPs discovered in exonic region are 6. These all SNPs are non-synonymous mutations and changes amino acids at position 23333 from Histidine>Tyrosine, at 23387 from Glutamic acid>Lysine, at 23402 from Valine>Isoleucine, at 23426 from Ser>Pro, at 23489 from Stop codon>Arg and at 23612 from Ala>Thr. Forty SNPs were discovered in Intronic region of A2 subunit of AMPK gene. Out of these 43 SNPs 28 are same in both Nilli-Ravi & Kundi buffalo. SNPs at positions 71371, 71382, 71383, 71396, 71558, 42736, 42766, 42881, 41661, 41900 and 42021 are only present in Kundi buffalo while SNPs at position 70900, 71613, 42935 and 42944 are present only in Nilli-Ravi buffalo. These SNPs can also be used for breed characterization of Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo. The B1 subunit of AMPK gene has 21 SNPs in Intronic region, which is common, both in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo. These polymorphisms may have role in regulation of AMPK gene. The SNPs found in exonic region are 3 which are all non-synonymous mutations and changes amino acids at position 4362 from Histidine>Tyrosine and at positions 8193, 8195 from Glycine>Serine. All exonic SNPs are non-synonymous mutations, which show that it will change the function of protein and might be associated with milk production and feeding efficiency in Nilli-Ravi & Kundi buffalo. This study is an example of candidate gene approach to find some novel variations at population level. It is the first study conducted for Molecular Characterization of AMPK gene in Buffalo. The only way to associate these polymorphisms to the trait under consideration (energy metabolism) by back tracing the sampling groups. This study is first in finding some molecular markers for energy metabolism in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo that can be used for future selection and breeding programs. More the population will be diversified for the trait and showing trends of heterozygosity, better will be the chances of selection of animals with suitable genetic makeup.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1796,T] (1).
190.
Bioconversion Of Agricultural Wastes To Polyhydroxybutyrate By Azotobacter Vinelandii
by Tehmina Aslam | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Huma Mujahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Background
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biopolymer. It can be used as a biodegradable thermoplastic material for waste management strategies. It can be produced by various microorganisms. A bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii accumulates PHB as intracellular granules inside their cells in response to physiological stress such as excess of carbon sources and limitation of nutrients e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus etc. During this research work PHB was produced from agricultural wastes like wheat bran and rice polishing through fermentation and by the optimization of different parameters like water substrate ratio, incubation time, volume of inoculum, pH and nitrogen concentration.
Methodology
A parent strain of Azotobacter vinelandii was maintained on Jerman agar plate. Fermentation media containing wheat bran and rice polishing as substrates was used to check the production of PHB for the selected bacteria. 0.5 ml of inoculum media was added into sterilized fermentation media and incubated for 24-72 hours. After that, culture media was centrifuged. Further extraction, determination and identification of PHB were carried out by using the pellet.
It was found that Azotobacter vinelandii gave maximum PHB yield (192mg/100mL) at 4% of wheat bran after 48 hours of incubation and at 5% of rice polishing after 36 hours (158mg/100mL). Wheat bran gave maximum PHB production (236mg/100mL) at 1.0mL volume of inoculum and rice polishing gave maximum yield (216mg/100mL) at 2.5mL. For wheat bran optimum pH was observed to be 7 to give higher PHB yield (256mg/100mL) and for rice polishing at pH 8.0 maximum PHB was observed (236mg/100mL). From wheat bran maximum quantity of PHB was produced at 0.2% of peptone (268mg/100mL) and at 0.3% of yeast extract (256mg/100mL) while in rice polishing based media higher PHB yield was studied at 0.25% of peptone (258mg/100mL) and at 0.2% of yeast extract (250mg/100mL). In this study Azotobacter vinelandii produced higher yield of PHB using wheat bran as compared to rice polishing.
Outcomes
So it is concluded that PHB produced in this work can be used in various industries like pharmaceutics, food industry and also in medical fields. It will also be helpful to reduce the pollution caused by other synthetic plastics.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1818,T] (1).
191.
Genetic Effect Of B-1, 4 Galactosyltransferase-I Gene Polymorphism On Milk Quality In Nili Ravi Buffalo
by Aamir Sohail | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Mr. Akhtar Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1820,T] (1).
192.
Development Of The Test For The Diagnosis Of Classical Galactosemia In General Papulation
by Mehmmona Iqbal | Dr Muhammad Imran | Ms Faiza | Ms Sehrish Firyal | IBBT.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1856,T] (1).
193.
Molecular Chracterization Of Pakistani Gaucher Disease Type 2 Patients From Lahore
by Maliha Afreen | Dr Muhammad Imran | Ms Asma Waris | Ms Sayeda Kalsoom | IBBT.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1857,T] (1).
194.
Isolation ,Identification And Characterization Of Phytase Producing Bacteria
by Hafsa Raiaz | Dr Muhammad Tayyab | Miss Asma Waris | Miss Saeeda | IBBT.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1865,T] (1).
195.
Genetic And Evolutionary Characterization Of Pakistani Pigeons And Parrots Through Mitochondrial D-
by Sehrish firyal | Dr. Ali raza awan | Prof, Dr. Aftab | Prof, Dr. Tahir yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1873,T] (1).
196.
Molecular Characterization Of Cldn 14 Gene Encoding A Cell Tight Junction Protein In Mouse
by Ihsan Ullah | Dr. Muhammad Yasir zahoor | Dr. Wasim Shehzad | Ms. Shagufta.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1906,T] (1).
197.
Identification Of Local Strain Of Toxoplasma Gondii Through Genotyping
by Saher Islam | Dr. Wasim shehzad | Mr..Akhtar ali | Prof. Dr Kamran ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1915,T] (1).
198.
Optimization Of Nested-Pcr For Diagnosis Of Toxoplasma Gondii In Lahore Area
by Amna Arshad bajwa | Dr. Wasim Shehzad | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Tanveer hussain.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1916,T] (1).
199.
Molecular Diversity Of Fumaryl Acetoacetate Hydrolase Gene In Mammalian Species
by Sadaqat ijaz | Dr. Muhammad yasir zahoor | DR. Muhammad Imran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: The present study has been planned to study the pathogenicity of FAdv-4 by inoculation of different age groups of broiler birds through different parenteral routes and oronasal routes. The liver homogenate suspension prepared from infected liver samples and cell culture propagated infectious agents were used to infect the susceptible broiler birds via parenteral routes and through oronasal routes. For this purpose two experiments were designed as Experiment I and II. In Experiment I the 25-day-old broiler birds were inoculated with different dilutions of liver homogenate and cell culture propagated HPS virus through intramuscular (i/m) and oral routes. Similarly in Experiment II the one-day-old, 1-week-old, 2-week-old, 3-week-old and 4-week-old broiler chickens were inoculated with the original dilution (100) of same liver homogenate and cell culture propagated HPS virus through S/C and oral route. The birds were kept under observation for recording morbidity and mortality. In Experiment I the liver homogenate caused 64% mortality in broiler birds of the Group A through intramuscular route, while 33.33% mortality in broiler birds of Group B through oral route. The cell culture propagated HPS virus caused 60% and 13.33% mortality in broiler birds of Group C and D through intramuscular and oral routes, respectively. In Experiment II none of the day-old-chick died from Group A inoculated with liver homogenate and cell culture propagated HPS virus through s/c and oral route. The liver homogenate and cell culture propagated HPS virus caused high mortality in different age groups of broiler birds through s/c route than oral route. The blood samples were collected from the broiler birds before and after infection and various hematological parameters such as Hemoglobin and packed cell volumes were studied. The values of hemoglobin and packed cell volume showed highly significant (P<0.05) reduction indicating anaemia. The values of hemoglobin and packed cell volume of the broiler birds inoculated with infectious liver homogenate showed highly significant reduction than the birds inoculated with cell culture propagated HPS virus. The results indicated that the liver homogenate is more pathogenic than cell culture propagated HPS virus. There changes may be due to adoptability of the original FAdVs after continued passages in the culture of chicken embryo liver cells.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0946,T] (1).
200.
Molecular Diversity And Multiplex Genotyping Of Camel (Camelus Dromedarius) Breeds Of The Punjab Using Microsatellite Markers
by Fiaz hussain | Dr. Tanveer hissain | Dr. Asif nadeem | Dr. Muti-ur-rahman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1947,T] (1).
