301.
Epidemiology, Serodiagnosis, Therapy And Control Of Schistosomiasis In Buffloes
by Ghulam Murtaza Arshad | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Pof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Schistosomiasis is one of the major diseases of public health and socio-economic importance in the developing countries of the world. Among human parasitic diseases, Schistosorniasis ranks second to malaria in tern-is of world wide public health risk. Keeping in view the importance of disease, the study was conducted to record the month wise and season wise prevalence of Schistosorniasis in buffaloes in four districts of the Punjab, province ie., Lahore, Sargodha, Kasur and Sheikhupura. The present study comprises of four parts.
Part I: deals with epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. Overall prevalence of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes, different farms of Punjab province indicated that infection was the highest (17%) at Kasur district followed by Sheikhupura (14.83), then Lahore (14.6%) and the lowest (13.66%) at Sargodha. The highest month wise prevalence was recorded during August (25.5%) followed by July where as the lowest during December and January.
Infection in buffaloes was higher in animals over two years of age (1 9%) than animals below two years of age (5%) in all the four districts of Punjab. The prevalence was higher in females (15.98%) than male (9.48%). There is variation in the prevalence as there is difference in the environmental and managemental condition of the area. For the serodiagnosis i.e. ELISA was used, the results indicated that the prevalence was lesser than the faecal examination because this was more specific and sensitive than the faecal examination.
Part 2: deals with the prevalence and ecology of snails. Various species of snails which act as the intermediate host of the Schistosomes were collected from the study area. The e of infection in the snails and role of cercariae in transmission of the disease was studied. A total of 10418 snails were collected of these 13.51 per cent were found to be infected. Among these 2350 were collected from Kasur district with infection rate of 14.51 percent followed, by Sheikhupura 2882 (13.6%) then Sargodha 2709 (13.40%) and the lowest at Lahore 2477 (12.51%). At Kasur district, genus wise prevalence of snails with infection rate indicated that Oncomelonia, indoplanorbis and Bullinus are the predominant genera with infection rate of 31.79, 17.10 and 14.46 percent respectively. However the highest number of the snails collected belonging to the genera Indoplanorbis. At Sheikhupura district, genus wide prevalence of snail indicated that Bullinus, Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis and Physa are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 24.74, 20.57, 14.66 and 13.84 percent respectively. At Sargodha district, genus wise prevalence of snails indicated that Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis, Bullinus and Physa are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 25.09, 14.29, 14.28 and 16.77 percent respectively. At Lahore district, genus wise prevalence of snails indicated that Bullinus Lymnaea, Physa and Indoplanorbis are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 23.37, 18.96, 13.97 and 12.70 percent respectively.While the prevalence at the snail level the Chi square value is 242.944 and the P-Value is 0.0000 1 which is highly significant.
Part 3: deals with the meteorological data ie, temperature, humidity, rainfall and pan evaporation with prevalence of snails and parasites. The temperature and rain fall play very important role in the spread of disease. The ideal temperature ranges form 22-25 °C where development within snail takes place in an efficient manner similarly humidity
f ranges from 55-70% is ideal for the development of the snail and the parasite. Rainfall is very important for the spread of the disease. There is a positive correlation of disease incidence to maximum and minimum temperature, humidity, and rainfall and pan evaporation. It was seen that during summer and autumn, optimum temperature, relative
humidity and rainfall play an important role for rapid propagation of the parasitic life
Part 4: deals with therapeutic trials against Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. A total of 150 animals (140 infected and 10 animals, normal) age ranged 5-9 years and of both sexes naturally infected with Schistosorniasis were used in thirteen controlled experiments. The efficacy of certain indigenous drugs, including Nigella sativa (Kalongi) , Caesalpinia
Crista (Karangwa), Lagenaria siceraria seeds (Kadoo ke Beej), Sausseria lappa (Qushte-e-Shreen) and Praziquanlel was compared with each other and control. Efficacy was quantified by determining the difference of egg per gram faeces (EPG) pre and post treatment. After the single dose of 50, 75 and 100 mg 1kg body weight of Nigella sativa (Kalongi) reduced EPG by 65.85, 68.29 and 71.79 per cent, respectively. After the second dose the respective reduction in EPG was 85.36, 92.68 and 94.87 percent. Caesalpenia crista at three dosage levels i.e.50, 75 and 100 mgI kg body weight caused 46.34, 53.65 and 59.52 percent reduction respectively while the reduction in EPO after second dose was 82.92, 90.24 and 92.85 percent respectively. Lagenaria siceraria Seed at three dosage levels i. e., 50, 100 and 150 mg/ kg body weight caused the reduction in EPG reduction 47.61, 52.63 and 64.10 percent respectively, while after second dose, counts as the reduction 80.95, 86.84 and 92.30 percent respectively. Sausseria lappa at three dosage levels i.e., 100, 150 and 200 mg/ kg body caused EPG reduction as under 50.00, 53.48 and 56.09 percent respectively, while after second dose the reduction in EPG count was 71.42, 81.39 and 85.36 percent respectively. Where as Praziquantel at the dose of 10 mg/body weight caused reduction in EPO 66.66% while after the second dose the reduction in EPG count was 97.43 percent. The efficacy order was Praziquantel, Nigella saliva, Caesalpinia crista, Lagenaria siceraria and Sausseria lappa. No side effects with any drug were noted. All animals showed clinical improvement after the treatment.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1150,T] (1).
302.
Clinical And Genetic Study Of Myopia In Myopic Families From Lahore.
by Nabeeha Moeen | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Dr. Ali raza awan | Dr.Aftab ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Myopia is described as the common cause of impaired vision and visual disability. In this disease the image is not focused sharply on the retina causing a blur vision to be formed and this condition of eye is referred as myopia. It is highly prevalent eye disease with its prevalence estimated to be I trillion throughout the world and approximately four billion in Pakistan. It is multi factorial disease with 19 loci identified up to date. Five myopic families were identified and selected for this study from different areas of Lahore. Linkage analysis of these families was done by MYP3, MYP4 and MYP5 loci (each consisting of a set of 3 microsatellite markers) of myopia that were selected from the panel of 19 loci. A total number of 9 microsatellite markers were used to analyze 24 samples from five families. After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, linkage analysis was carried out by genotyping through PAGE and haplotypes were constructed for the families.
Through the haplotype analysis of pedigree it was found that none of the families was found linked on any of the loci. The comparison of linkage analysis past studies with this study yielded no evidence for the presence of linkage in any of the family genotypes on the three loci. Also the LOD score calculation suggested that as all the pedigrees were found to be unlinked, the LOD score values calculated was less than 1 which suggests that markers also do not support the linkage. This may be due to the less availability of normal samples and total number of affected samples.
Moreover according to clinical factors, the individuals selected had low cylindrical component which suggest that these individuals are having simple to moderate myopia. Whereas, increase in spherical component with age shifts the lens more towards positive value (hyperopia) was also observed.
It is concluded from this study that no linkage was identified in any of the family. Both clinical and genetic factors are involved in development of myopia. Further detail study on the loci of myopia is required especially focusing the families with consanguineous marriages. Because in such families the probability of presence of linkage is more as the chances of transmission of disease allele are more in cousin marriages. From the presence of unlinked pedigrees it can also be proposed that any novel locus is present and through the identification of this novel locus, a novel gene can also be identified. Moreover, there is a probability that through genome wide screening, any other loci on any other families of Lahore may show an inherited pattern.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1158,T] (1).
303.
Identification Of Novel Snps Of Mitochondrial D- Loop And Cytochrome B In Pakistani Goat And Sheep Breeds
by Haleema Sadia | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Dr. Ahmad ali | Dr. Ali awan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pakistan has approximately 53.79 million goats and 26.49 million of Sheep. Goats AND Sheep are kept for milk meat and wool production and contribute significantly to the income of the farmers. Thirty recognized breeds of goats and twenty eight breeds of sheep found in Pakistan. Improvement of livestock productivity per unit animal remains the primary concern of research and development efforts. The purpose of this research work was the genetic improvement of Sheep and Goat breeds. In this present study of Goat and Sheep, Ten different breeds of Goat: Barbari, Beetal, Pahari hairy, Kamori, Damani, Khurasani, L.Hairy, Teddy, Lehri goat, Nachi and ten different breeds of Sheep: Bulkhi, Dumari, Kachi, Kaghani, Salt range, Awassi, Thalli, Lohi, Krakul, Shenwari were selected but the genetic data of different goat and sheep breeds is lacking which need to be established for their genetic characterization. Blood samples of unrelated true representatives of all breeds were collected from their respective home tract. DNA was extracted with the use of standard protocol and amplification of the mitochondrial. D-loop and Cytochrome b region was done with specific primers in Molecular Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory in the deptt of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Sequencing of amplified portion of mt.DNA D-loop and Cytochrome b was done. Sequences were analyzed with the help of software blast 2 sequence. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and comparison of 50, 50 samples of Goats and Sheep of Cytochrome b gene and mitochondrial D-loop region were compared with their respective reference sequences. Genetic identity between ten goat breeds were calculated by BioEdit. 50 goat haplotypes and 49 sheep hapoltypes were identified. All haplotypes were rich in AT contents. 22 conserved region were identified which were common in Goats and Sheep (BioEdit, 7.0). Goals and Sheep sequence comparison was made by using sheep Ovis aries as a referenece. 405 varibale sites were already present in Goat and Sheep. Capra hircus (AF533441) had 41 insertions and 9 deletions with respect to Ovis aries (AFO 10406.1). Phylogenetic tree was constrncted using Mega 4.1 software showing the relationships between different haplotypes. Haplotpes of this research work were compared with some world wide haplotypes of Goat and Sheep separately. Goat showed very close relationship with haplotypes of Africa, Asia and Europe, while Sheep showed close relation with Europeaon and Asian haplotypes. Both Goat and Sheep seemed to have domestication from Asia. From analysis of Goat and Sheep with their wild reported haplotypes, it was confirmed that Goats and Sheep used in this research work were domestic and had close relation with Capra aegagrus and Capra sibrica was present at the bottom of phylogenetic tree. While Sheep (Ovis aries) showed a close relation with wild Mouflon (Ovis musimon).
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304.
Detection Of Toxoplasma Gondii From Water And Matrices (Soil,Fruits &
by Adeela Ajmal | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Kamran ashraf | Dr.Aftab ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is a widely distributed protozoan disease capable of infecting a variety of animal species. Felids, both domestic and wild, are capable of serving as definitive hosts, shedding T.gondii oocysts in their faeces.
People acquire toxoplasmosis posnatally by ingesting T.gondii oocysts from contaminated environments or by consuming T.gondii tissue cysts in inadequately meat products, raw meat containing tissue cysts or by ingestion of resistant oocysts from environmental matrices (soil, water, fruits and vegetables).
However, the impact of oocysts in toxoplasmosis epidemiology needs to be specified because they are suspected to be associated with T.gondii seroprevalence in some emerging outbreaks of acute toxoplasmosis in humans from soil or water. They are probably responsible for a significant part of infections in animals that could be later consumed by humans.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples is great challenge as this coccidian parasite can be responsible for severe infections in humans and animals via ingestion of a single oocyst from contaminated water, soil, fruits or vegetables.
The present proposed study was designed to develop methods for the detection of oocysts
from Water, soil, food and parks environment.
The results of recovery test showed that it was possible to detect Tooplasma gondii parasite from water samples collected from various sources i e, drinking water from muncipility, lakes, pools, various reservoirs around farms and from tube wells. From the results ,The highest (13%) prevalence was reported from water around farms followed by lakes & pools (9%) then water reservoirs (7%) whereas the lowest from drinking water & tubewells i e 6 & 6 percent respectively.
A total of 250 samples of fruits and vegetables were collected for detection of T. gondii . From the results, it was noted that overall prevalence of T. gondii infection was higher in vegetables i e 5.6 % than fruits (4 %).
A total of 250 soil samples were collected from urban and rural areas. Of these 125 were from urban areas and 125 from rural areas. From the table-3 it was shown that the highest prevalence of T. gondii infection was noted in gardens and back yards of homes and gardens i e 20 & 20 % respectively. In these places cats often defecate and become a source of infection. Then followed by public enclosures where infection was 14.3%. The lowest i e 13.3% infection was noted at homes of urban areas.
T. gondii infection in rural areas indicated that It was highest (20% ) in home back yards followed by homes (16.7%) then public enclosure (14.5%) whereas the lowest (13.3%) at gardens of rural areas.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1161,T] (1).
305.
A Comparative Study On Clinico -Hemotological & Therapeutic Trails In Indigestion & Lactic Acid In Small Ruminents
by Muhammed Abdul Basit | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The Indigestion and lactic acidosis are most common non infectious managmental problem in small ruminants that have been causing global concern as a potential threat. Some cases shows the clinical signs very early while some shows late clinical signs most of which arc common among these two diseases. So it is a matter of priority to develop quick and efficient methods for differential diagnosis and quick response of the therapeutical agent.
It was found that rectal temperature, Ruminal fluid pH, and ruminal movements decreased significantly in Indigestion and lactic acidosis in sheep and goats before the treatment in comparison to the control group. On the other hand it was observed that pulse and respiration rate were increased in both groups D-l and D-2 as compare to control group. In present study design, 2 groups of animals were designed for Indigestion and lactic acidosis (I for each disease). Each group was divided into 4 sub group each comprising 10 animals (sheep and goats). The group 1-1 of D-l was provided with Acetic Acid Vinegar 500-800 ml per animal per oral while 1-2 of D-l group was treated with Stomach powder @ 50-70 grams per animal per oral. Similarly sub group LA-l of D-2 was treated with sodium bicarbonate 5% 200-3 00 ml per animal intravenously and sub group LA-2 of D-2 group was provided with sodium bicarbonate @ 40-60 grams per animal per oral. On the other hand sub group 1-3 of D-l and LA-3 of D-2 was kept as diseased untreated control and subgroup 1-4 of indigestion group and LA-4 of Lactic acidotic group was kept as healthy control. Mean values obtained after treatment for D- I group (Indigestion) were rectal temperature increases more significantly in I-I than that of 1-2 while pulse rate of 1-2 sub group was significant than I-i. Respiration rate change was also significant in I- I sub group. Blood pH of 1-2 was significant while ruminal fluid p11 increases more significantly in 1-1. On the other hand mean values obtained allcr treatment for D-2 group (Lactic acidosis) were rectal temperature and pulse rate changed significantly in LA-i sub group. Respiration rate change was significant in LA-2 sub group Blood pit of LA-i & LA-2 in similar range while ruminal fluid pH increases more significantly in LA-I that LA-2 sub group.
Ruminal protozoa were not seen in ruminal fluid of both groups. Ruminal movements was rarely observed in indigestion group and not observed in lactic acidotic glol'').
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306.
Estimation Of Heavy Metals In The Drinking Water Of Residential/Industrial Areas Of Lahore By Atomic Absorption
by Waheed Ahmad | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Sualeha | Miss Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Heavy metals are chemical elements with a specific gravity that is at least 5 times the specific gravity of water. The elements studied were mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium. Heavy metals have no useful biological function in the body but might be highly toxic as they cause precipitation of proteins especially the enzymes. This investigation was therefore carried out to estimate concentration of these metals and their influence on biological system. For this purpose drinking water samples were collected in one litre polyethylene bottles adding 5 mL of concentrated HNO3 as preservative to adjust the PH<2.00 to maintain heavy metal concentrations during analysis. Samples were marked with unique numbers with dates for the study of Acid Extractable metals. Similarly samples were prepared and preserved for micro biological testing.
The metallic ions were estimated by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer of Perking Elmer Model A. Analyst; 2003 at recommended wavelengths for metal ion. Acetylene gas was used as fuel (at 8 psi) and air as an oxidizer.
Statistical analysis was done. The calibration curves were prepared separately for all the metals by running suitable concentrations of the standard solutions. It was evident that concentration of chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium were high in several drinking water sources in Lahore. This problem is particularly alarming for ground water sources. Almost all water sources are contaminated with lead. According to WHO maximum acceptable limit 10 ppb ,8 water sources had mean chromium concentration in water samples above maximum acceptable limit of WHO (50 ppb), 94 water samples were contaminated with cadmium according to WHO maximum acceptable limit (10 ppb), 13 water sources had arsenic concentration above maximum acceptable limit according to WHO (50 ppb) where as 7 water samples were having concentration of arsenic less than minimum acceptable limit according to WHO (10 ppb) and only 5 water sources meet the criteria of WHO for concentration of mercury, the acceptable limit of 2 ppb.
Multitube Fermentation Technique/MPN Method as described by Mackie & McCartney was used for microbiological analysis i.e. Colifcrm bacteria. The results of this study revealed that both samples i.e. tap and ground water do not show conformity with the standards for safe portable water recommended by WHO. The most frequently encountered pathogen in this study was Escherichia Coli which was isolated more in ground water than tap water.
It is therefore concluded that by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer concentration of heavy metals in water can be determined and thus on the bases of this work precautionary measures can be taken to prevent the health hazards of these toxic metals. Similarly microbiological analysis of drinking water has provided the evidence that most of the water sources are contaminated with microbes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1170,T] (1).
307.
The Nutritive Value Of Corn Steep Liqour (Dried) As A Substitute For Soyabean Meal In Broiler Ration
by Khurshid Mazhar | Dr. Javed Qureshi | Dr. Ihtisham | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 502,T] (1).
308.
Use Of Antioxidate Containing Extender To Improve Post Thaw Quality Of Canine Semen
by Zia Ullah | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity and viability of spermatozoa) using the Labrador retriever dog frozen semen.
Dog is a unique animal in terms of its semen ejaculation which is in fractions with a highly variable sperm concentration in different fractions as compared to other mammalian species like bull, boar, ram, human which have their ejaculate as a single fraction. In this study, BHT was found to improve post thaw motility, sperm viability, plasma membrane integrity and the acrosomal integrity at an inclusion level of 1.0mM in the extended semen. However, the higher concentrations than this were found to have detrimental effects on the parameters mentioned above. The reasons for these detrimental effects could be the change in osmolarity of the semen that varies in different species. The ROS production is associated with normal physiological functioning of the spermatozoa and when a semen sample is diluted the endogenous antioxidant mechanism of the semen is compromised and addition of exogenous antioxidant is needed to equilibrate. Therefore the addition of BHT at an inclusion level 1.0mM in study was found optimum and higher concentrations of this had detrimental effect on the spermatozoa, which could be due to two reasons as explained by Ijaz et al., 2009, i.e., firstly higher concentration of BHT reduce the physiological functions of the spermatozoa by extremely reducing the ROS which are needed to a certain level for physiological function of the spermatozoa and secondly it increases the fluidity of the plasma membrane above the desired levels thus making it prone to more damages.
In conclusion, BHT was found useful for dog spermatozoa at inclusion level 1.0mM, however, further studies are required to investigate the fertility of the canine semen having inclusion levels of BHT.
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309.
Food Borne Bacterial Contamination Of Retail Poultry Meat At Chicken Sale Outlets In Lahore City
by Anwar Ullah | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. M. Younus | Dr. Tahir yaqoob.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Poultry is an important sub sector of live stock and its share in GDP is 2.0 percent and it is playing an important role in improving the income of rural and urban population of Pakistan. Food poisoning is becoming a serious health problem to human being. The organisms belonging to the Genera Salmonella and Campylobacter are considered to be the most important pathogens. The present research is performed for isolation and enumeration of bacterial pathogens from the family Enterobacteriaceae and Genus Staphylococci.
A total of 200 samples each of liver, kidneys, breast muscle and intestine were collected from four different roads of Lahore city. Each sample was weighed 5gm and was rinsed in 10 ml sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for collection of Sample rinses. Serial 10-fold dilutions of sample rinses (SR) were subsequently prepared in sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for standard plate count (SPC). Each dilution of sample rinsed were inoculated to selective agar plates for enumeration and isolation S. enteritidis, C. jejuni, E. coli and S. aureus.
Numbers of selective agar plates contaminated with E. coli were 75.5%, having the highest value and S. aureus were isolated from the lowest number of plates (50%). C. jejuni were isolated from 119 (59.5%) out of 200 samples and Salmonella enteritidis contamination rate were 71% (142 out of 200 samples). Over all 200 samples each of liver, kidneys, breast muscles and intestine 158(79%) out of 200 were contaminated with food borne bacteria. Kidney samples were less contaminated having contamination rate of 42.5% (85 out of 200 samples). Intestine and liver samples were contaminated with a medium range of 66.5% (133) and 68% (136) respectively.
Intestinal samples had highest range of colony forming units (CFU) per gram of C. jejuni and kidney samples had the lowest CFU per gram with an average CFU per gram of 1.2 x106 (<log 6.09>) and 1.0 xi (<log 4.02>)respectively. Liver samples had an average CFU per gram of 6.3 xl ü (<log 4.80>) and breast muscle had 1.4 x ] (<log 5.15>)CFU per gram of sample(Table 02). Liver samples had highest CFU per gram of S. enteritidis and kidney samples had the lowest value with an average CFU per gram of 1.1 x106 (<log 6.05>) and 9.8 xi0 (<log 3.99>) respectively. Intestinal samples had an average 9.7 xiO5 (<log 5.98>) and breast muscle had 1.1 xi (<log 5.04>) CFU per gram of sample (Table 03). Intestinal samples had highest CFU per gram of E. coli and kidney samples had the lowest value with an average CFU per gram of 7.7 x l0 (<log 7.88>) and 1 .5 x (<log 4.19>) respectively. Liver samples had an average 8.7 x 0 (<log 5.94>) and breast muscle had 1.8 x 106 (<log 6.25>) CFU per gram of sample (Table 04). The breast muscles had the highest CFU per gram of S. aureus and kidney samples had the lowest value with an average CFU per gram of 1.1>i0 (<log 5.04>) and l.5x 10 (<log 4.17>) respectively. Liver samples had an average of 1.1 xl (<log 5.05>) and intestinal samples had 2.5x10 (<log 4.40>) CFU per gram of samples.
The samples were sub cultured for isolation and identification of food borne pathogens like Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus species by following the standard protocols of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 9th Edition.
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310.
Clinico-Epidemiological Features Of Dengue Fever In And Around Lahore
by Abdul Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of veterinary science.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1187,T] (1).
311.
Comparative Study Of Primary And Secondary Bloat In Buffaloes
by Sajjad Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Zia-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. M.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Bloat (tympany) is the abnormal distension of rumen and reticulum caused by excessive
gases of fermentation, either in the form of persistent foam mixed with rumen contents
or as free gas separated from the ingesta.
The experimental study on bloat was conducted at outreach clinic of university of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore and adjacent areas. There were 500 buffaloes, out of these cases 86 were diagnosed to be suffered from bloat (60 were suffering from primary bloat, 2o were suffered from secondary bloat as shown in the table No 5 and table No 6). Six animals were expired from primary bloat as shown in the table No 10. They were expire without any treatment. Thus the disease percentage recorded was 17.4
A systemic clinical examination of each animal was conducted. The age, breed, sex and general heath of the animal was also recorded. Complete history of each affected animal was recorded. Diagnostic confirmation between primary bloat and secondary bloat was done through stomach tube. Primary bloat was easily recognizable and there were no other diseases of reticulorumen that result in ruminal tympany. Secondary bloat was differentiated from causes of failure of eructation including esophageal obstruction,chromic reticuloperitonitis, vagal indigestion, tetanus, injury and rumen impaction.
Treatment trials were carried out on the basis of grouping of animals. The buffaloes which are under attack of bloat were classified into two main groups i.e. group A and group B, which were further divided into four sub groups, which were A1, A2, B1 and B2.Animals suffered from primary bloat were kept into Group A1 and A2. While the animals suffering from secondary bloat were kept into Group B1 and Group B2. Treatment trials for Group A1 and Group B1 were same, while for Group A2 and Group B2 were same. The efficacy of drug was evaluated on reversal of clinical signs. The bloat affected buffaloes recovered with in 2 to 3 hours after the administration of medicine. No Side effects of these drugs, if any, was recorded the animals was examined for 24 hours after medication.
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312.
Microbial Evaluation Of Raw Meat At Abattoirs And Retail Outlests (Lahore)
by Abid Sarwar | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Imran Najeeb | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of meat. The present study was planed to determine the aerobic plate count on meat obtained from the abattoirs and local market. A total of 90 meat samples that were collected for determining the microbiological quality of meat. Half of the meat samples (n=45) were collected from various abattoirs and half of the meat samples (n=45) were collected from retail outlets in Lahore City to get an idea of contamination from slaughtering point to retail outlets.
These samples were processed for Aerobic plate counts, E.coli, S.aureus and Salmonella counts. Overall, this study revealed that the level of contamination on meat carcasses was higher in retail meat shops compared to the abattoir. However, the microbial contamination in the abattoir were high if we compare these results to the reports from developing countries like India, Iran and Bangladesh.
Bacterial isolates identified and counted from this study were Staphylococcus aureus (44) out of 90 samples was the most abundant as 48.88%, followed by E. coli (43) 47.77% and Salmonella (26) 28.88%.
Statistical analysis revealed that analysis of variance between various abattoir and the retail meat shops for E.coli, Salmonella and S.aureus showed significant differences with some exceptions. E.coli counts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the meat shops and abattoirs. For E.coli most of the data were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05) with some exception in case of beef and goat samples taken from abattoirs which were non significant because of the unhygienic environments. Analysis of variance for Salmonella between various abattoir and the retail outlets were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05). For S.aureus between various abattoir and the retail outlets showed non significant at 5% level (P > 0.05) with some exceptions in case of beef abattoir and goat retail outlet samples taken which were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05).
The higher incidence of microbial load in fresh meat obtained in this study might be attributed to unhygienic and improper handling of animals during slaughter, dressing, evisceration, transportation and unhygienic environments at the retail shops. The usual practice of washing the carcass with the same water in which intestines and offal had been washed was considered as one of the predominant reasons for increased microbial counts of the carcasses. A complete ignorance on the part of the meat handlers/ butchers in hygienic handling of carcasses during slaughter and retailing processes might be the main factors for producing meat with high microbial load.
Levels of microbial contamination in Pakistani abattoirs and traditional retail meat shops reflect the hygiene status of meat production in the developing world. Education of the meat retailers' community which runs the traditional meat shops, in terms of the importance of hygienic and sanitary precautions would go a long way towards providing wholesome and safe meat to the consumers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1196,T] (1).
313.
Differntial Diagnosis Of Malaria And Dengue Fever On The Basis Of Clinical Findings And Laboratory Investigations
by Aqeel Ahmad | Prof. Dr. M. Younus Rana | Dr. Muti ur Rehman | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: I took two hundred (200) patients in total for purpose of my study. I included all cases with pyrexia of unknown origin with chills and rigors with 6-7 days history. These cases were first evaluated for Malaria by making their thin and thick films for malarial parasites.
There were thirty patients out of two hundred who were positive for malarial parasites. There complete blood picture was done that is RBC count, Heamogolobin percentage, platelet count, WBC count and ESR. The cases who were negative from malaria were further evaluated for dengue viral infection by doing capture ELISA 1gM. Before doing ELISA 1gM dengue strip method test was done and the cases who were positive on strip (Paper Chromatography) were included in 1gM ELISA study. The cases that were positive for 1gM ELISA were studied for same blood investigation which was mentioned earlier. It was also found that there had been some incidence of dual dengue infection and malaria and the incidence rate was 2%.
Now after collecting the data it was analyzed by SPSS. It was inferred afterwards from the data that all the patients +ve for dengue 1gM had been facing with low platelet count increased reticulocyte count, increased hemoglobin, decreased WBC and no significant effect on ESR had been seen. About 83% of dengue 1gM patients were having decrease platelet count. This thrombocytopenia varies from person to person and an inverse relationship has been found between dengue 1gM and platelet of the patients.
The intensity of thromobocytopenia was more in old age patients or in patients with poor health status or in those patients in which tire of anti dengue 1gM was very high. This thromobocytopenia can be used as a diagnostic tool in addition to clinical history in patients who live in periphery where the facility of ELISA is not available. The rise in platelet number indicates recovery of the patients and it should be monitored daily till the complete recovery of patients is achieved.
The rise in hemoglobin concentration has also been noticed due to hemo concentration about 76% of patients with anti dengue 1gM positive were having elevated level of hemoglobin that is ranging from 17-19 gram/dl. The increase in RBC count has also been noticed in association with increased hemoglobin concentration a mild fall in WBC count has also been noticed i-e upto 4000 in 76% of the patients. In those patients who were +ve for malarial parasites and negative for dengue 1gM, such changes in blood pictures were not appreciated although the vector of both diseases is same but AD's mosquitoes which is the carrier of dengue virus (an ARBO virus) causes more severe form of disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1198,T] (1).
314.
Characterization Of Indigenious Species Of Mycotoxins Producing Aspergilli
by Gull Naz | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is based on agriculture. Agriculture crops are harvested and stored in feed mills for production of thousands ton of feed for livestock as well as poultry through out the year. In Pakistan, July and August are hot and humid months during which moulds grow abundantly on the heaves of wheat! rice/maize straw and feed ingredients and produce variety of toxins.
Present study has been designed to explore different groups of moulds prevailing in and around Lahore city in each month of the year. Samples of soil and air were collected from ten different places of Lahore city.
A total of 240 samples were cultured on a common Saboraud's Dextrose Agar to get single colonies of each mould. These single colonies were identified by colony characters, slide cultures and biochemical tests. Mycotoxin producing Aspergilli were isolated by culturing on specified media and placing the cultures under Wood's lamp. Mycotoxin productions potential were assessed by extracting mycotoxins of these Aspergilli. Mycotoxins produced by the Aspergilli were identified and purified through Thin Layer Chromatography. These mycotoxins were then quantified through High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
The identified and purified mycotoxins can be used as standards. Reference standards are important and critical for qualitative and quantitative detection of mycotoxins in field samples screening. Presently mycotoxin is a ban item. The occurrence of toxinogenic Aspergilli have economic impact directly on livestock and poultry products export.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1217,T] (1).
315.
Detection Of Hazardous Organism In Raw And Pasteurized Milk With Particular Reference To 3Enterobacteriaceae
by Ayesha | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to detect the hazardous organisms in raw milk from public health point of view. In total one hundred twenty (120) milk samples were collected from milk retail shops in and around Lahore. Out of these 120, one hundred samples were of raw milk and rests of the twenty samples were of pasteurized milk. Their microbiological quality was studied by performing standard plate count (SPC), coliform count and identification of hazardous bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The micro flora of milk was also studied for the prevalence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria.
Milk supplied in Lahore city was found to have poor microbiological quality. Bacterial load was determined by SPC and coliform count. The standard plate count (S.P.C) of the raw milk ranged from 4.2x106 to 7.7xl07 c.f.u/ml. The coliform counts ranged from 3.4x 104 c.f.u /ml to 6.9x105 /ml. A total of 81 isolates were identified from raw milk samples. These included Yersinia (3 strains), Klebsiella (16 strains), Escherichia coli (14 strains), Enterobacter (11 strains), Shigella (3 strains), Salmonella (19 strains) and' Proteus (15 strains).The standard plate count for pasteurized milk ranged from 1.45x104 c.f.u/ml to 3.8x 105 c.f.u/ml. The minimum and maximum coliform count was 7.2x102 to 8.4xl03 c.f.u/ml respectively for pasteurized. All samples were outside the international standard for coliform bacteria. A total of 13 isolates were identified from pasteurized milk samples. These included Yersinia (2 strains), Klebsiella (1 strains), Escherichia coli (6 strains), Enterobacter (2 strains), Shigella (1 strains) and Proteus (1 strains).
All the isolates showed multiple drug resistance to various commonly used antibiotics in veterinary practices. Escherichia coli were resistant to all antibiotics used except Gentamicin (10µg). Enterobacter was sensitive to all the antibiotics used except to Ampicillin (10µg). Shigella was sensitive to Gentamicin (10µg), Kanamycin (30µg), Choloramphenicol( 25µg), but showed resistance to Ampicillin (10µg), Oxytetracycline ( 25µg), Streptomycin (10 µg), Pencillin (10 µg) and Tribrissin (25µg)., Salmonella was resistanct to Ampicillin (10µg), Oxytetracycline ( 25µg), Streptomycin (10 µg), Pencillin (10 µg) and Tribrissin (25µg). But sensitive to Gentamicin (10µg). .All the isolates showed greatest resistance to Penicillin (10 ug.) whereas, most of the isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol.
Finally, it is recommended that the members of the public should always boil raw milk before consumption because of their microbial content. Therefore, it is highly recommended that hygienic practices and regulations, such as on-site pasteurization and implementation of HACCP following established standards, should be introduced to facilitate the production of raw milk of high quality and safety.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1219,T] (1).
316.
Genetic Study Of Ushic/Dfnb18 By Linkage Analysis
by Muneer Ahmad | Mr. Tanveer Hussain | Prof. Dr. Masroor Elahi Babar.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Deafness refers to conditions in which individuals are fully or partially unable to detect or perceive at least some frequencies of sound which can typically be heard by members of their species. In human beings, the term hearing impairment is usually reserved for people who have relative insensitivity to sound in the speech frequencies.
In the present study, six families were identified which were collected from FATA, Lahore and Sheikhupura and were consist of at least two deaf people. Pedigrees of the affected families were drawn using Cyrillic software. Blood samples were collected from these families. DNA was extracted through Inorganic protocol. The creening of the affected families was done for known deafness locus, USH1C/ DFNBI8. Then the PAGE (Polyacrylamide Gel Eletrophoresis) was done and haplotypes were constructed to determine whether a family was linked to deafness locus or not. Out of six families, no family was linked to USHIC/ DFNB18 locus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1223,T] (1).
317.
Physico-Chemical Growth Requirements And Molecular Characterization Of Indigenous Spirulina
by Muhammad Qasim | Dr. Imran Najeeb | Dr | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Spirulina is a microscopic and filamentous cyanobacterium (blue-green alga). It is 60-70% protein by weight and contains a rich source of vitamins, especially vitamin B12 and provitamin A (13-carotene), and minerals, especially iron. One of the few sources of dietary y-linolenic acid (GLA), it also contains a host of other phytochemicals that have otential health benefits. For medical scientists it is gaining more attention as a nutraceutical and source of potential pharmaceuticals. Spirulina has ability to inhibit viral replication, strengthen both the cellular and humoral immunity and cause regression and inhibition of cancers it also has antioxidant property. It also has been receiving increasing interest due to its potential to produce a diverse range of chemicals and biologically active compounds, such as vitamins, carotenoid pigments, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides.
Present study was designed to explore the indigenous spirulina and its mass cultivation by optimizing the physicochemical growth requirements. One hundred and twenty samples were collected from different soils and water reservoirs from three districts (Sargodha, Lahore and Faisalabad) of Punjab. Then spirulina was isolated from collected samples and cultivated under different nutrient, temperature and light regimes to get its maximum bio-mass in our laboratory.
Our results showed that maximum growth of indigenous spirulina was obtained at 30°C and at 1500 lux (light intensity). Nitrogen concentrations (0.625. 1.25 and 1.875 gIl) had no effect on the growth, while phosphate concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gIl) had a minimal and gradual effect on growth as the concentrations were increased. For the confirmation and molecular characterization of indigenous spirulina, DNA was isolated by chioroform-isoamyl alcohol extraction method and its polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out by using specific primer of 16s rDNA gene (CYA1O6F and CYA78IR) and PCR products were run on gel giving an amplicon size of 700 bp.
Now a day in the world people are competing for food supplementation. The spirulina can act as a source of nutraceuticals. This study helps in optimizing the growth of indigenous spirulina. For large scale industrial production its extensive study should be done like physiology, growth, reproduction etc. This will pave an avenue for further nutraceuticals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1224,T] (1).
318.
Prevalence Of Multiple Drug Resistant (Mdr) Bacteria In Intestinal Infections Of Dogs
by Iffat Habib | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem involving various bacterial species, resistance mechanisms, transfer mechanisms and reservoirs. Cats and dogs are the potential sources for spread of antimicrobial resistance in humans due to their close contact with them. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes through plasmids, integrons and transposons has been found to play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes. Canine antimicrobial resistant genes had been identified in bacteria isolated from human clinical infections suggesting the spread of resistance mechanisms from canine to human bacteria.
The present study has been designed to study the prevalence of multiple drug resistant strains causing enteritis in dogs. 100 Samples were collected from different Pet clinics in and around of Lahore city. These samples were cultured for identification of MDR bacteria. Antibiotic resistance profile was studied by the standard Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer Method) for commonly used antibiotics. These MDR bacteria were isolated and identified as per standard protocols described in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Different combinations of antibiotics were also evaluated for in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity for an effective treatment of these cases so that the load of MDR bacteria could be reduced.
From the collected samples E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter diversus and Psedomonas spp. were identified. Among all of these E.coli was most prevalent followed by Salmonella enterica, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus vulgaris and Psedomonas spp. Out of 127 E.coli isolates 52 40.94%) were declared as MDR-Bacteria following 50 Salmonella enterica isolates 17 (34.00%), 17 Citrobacter diversus 6 (35.29), 12 Proteus vulgaris isolates 06 (50%). It was concluded that MDR isolates were most sensitive to antibiotic combination (Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid), followed by (Oxytetracyclin + Tylosin), (Gentamycin + Ceftriaxone), and (Penicillin + Streptomycin). Out of 52 MDR E.coli isolates 23 (44.23%) were found to be invasive. Recommendations are made on prudent use of antimicrobial drugs in dogs, as well as on the need to develop science-based infection control programs in veterinary hospitals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1231,T] (1).
319.
Body Measurement Parameters As Afunction Of Assessing Body Weight In Lohi Sheep
by Mustafa Ahmed Hassan | Prof.Dr.Khalid Javed | Mr.NIsar Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Makhdo.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was conducted at Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The objective of the study was to find out or develop the relationship between live body weight and body measurements in Lohi sheep breed. The sheep were arranged in five age groups, groups A, B, C, D, and E. The group A was comprised of 0-6 month of age; group B= 7-12, group; C= 13-18, group D= 19-24 and group E above 24 months age of animals. Group A, B and E were further divided into sub groups (Male & Female), where as the groups C and D comprised of Ewes only. Body weights were taken using weighing scale and measurements of Body weight, Height at Wither, Body Length, Heart Girth, Head Length, Head Width, Ear Length, Ear Width, Neck Length, Neck Width, Rump Length, Rump Width, Barrel Depth, Sacral pelvic Width, Teat Length, Teat Diameter, Testes Length and Testes Circumference with the help of measuring tape graduated with centimeter. Data on 1008 female / 44 male and total of 1052 observations of different age groups of sheep were collected. The mean of all body measurements (cm) and body weight (kg) of Overall Lohi sheep of age group 0-6, was found to be 46.03 ± 11.00 (cm), 45.41 ± 10.24 (cm), 43.79 ± 9.47(cm), 14.75 ± 4.32 (cm), 6.62 ± 1.20 (cm), 23.22 ± 4.73 (cm), 9.46 ± 3.08 (cm), 15.69 ± 5.45 (cm), 10.51 ± 3.56 (cm), 14.83 ± 5.41 (cm), 8.68 ± 2.63 (cm), 26.77 ± 8.15 (cm) and 7.80 ± 4.77 (Kg) respectively. The mean of all body measurements (cm) and body weight (kg) of Overall Lohi sheep of age group 7-12 was found to be 66.70 ± 4.36 (cm), 67.32 ± 4.03 (cm), 66.65 ± 4.84 (cm), 24.80 ± 3.14 (cm), 10.59 ± 1.56 (cm), 30.10 ± 2.34 (cm), 13.64 ± 1.02 (cm), 25.01 ± 2.84 (cm), 15.44 ± 1.88 (cm), 22.43 ± 1.85 (cm), 15.76 ± 1.66 (cm), 36.67 ± 2.50 (cm) and 25.29 ± 3.46 (Kg) respectively. The mean of over all body measurements (cm) and body weight (kg) of Lohi sheep of age group 13-18 was found to be 68.04±3.15 (cm), 68.68±2.73 (cm), 69.77±2.31 (cm), 26.83± 1.87 (cm), 10.86±1.02 (cm), 29.52±2.65 (cm), 14.40±0.97 (cm), 27.13±2.45 (cm), 16.83±2.31 (cm), 23.11±1.92 (cm), 15.05±0.92 (cm), 38.70±1.51 (cm) and 26.60±2.41 (Kg) respectively. The mean of over all body measurements (cm) and body weight (kg) of Lohi sheep of age group 19-24 was found to be 71.88±3.34 (cm), 70.65±3.81 (cm), 72.43±3.90 (cm), 26.87±1.92 (cm), 11.88±1.46 (cm), 30.66±2.68 (cm), 14.42±1.37 (cm), 26.03±2.47 (cm), 16.54±1.67 (cm), 23.95±1.92 (cm), 16.84±1.46 (cm), 38.96±2.43 (cm) and 30.83±3.32 (Kg) respectively. The mean of all body measurements (cm) and body weight (kg) of Overall Lohi sheep of age group above 24 months of age was found to be were 76.30± 5.37 (cm), 77.41±6.74 (cm), 81.63±7.44 (cm), 26.86±2.92 (cm), 12.14±1.60 (cm), 32.65±17.22 (cm), 14.44±1.89 (cm), 26.42±3.47 (cm), 19.28±3.37 (cm), 24.48±2.73 (cm), 19.35±2.53 (cm), 45.43±19.28 (cm) and 42.91±6.54 (Kg) respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1232,T] (1).
320.
Effect Of Different Forms Of Alfalfa On The Performance Of Lohi Lambs
by Hifz-ul-Rahman | dr.Jalees ahmad Bhatti | Dr.Saima | Mr.Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Animal feed resources are still deficient in total digestible nutrients (28.62 million tons) and digestible protein (1.76 million tons), which is not sufficient to meet the feeding requirement of livestock in the country. Fodder crops cover 16 to 19% of the total cropped area in the country. Shortage of fodder is a major limiting factor for livestock growth. To meet the requirement of animal, there is need to properly conserve the flush season growth of Rabi fodder like Berseem and alfalfa in their different physical forms. Pelleting of hay and other feeds for ruminants is developing rapidly as a new method of preparation for livestock feed. Pelleted feeds, particularly roughages can be self-fed more efficiently and can be handled with less cost than unpelleted feed, because they are heavier per cubic foot and because they can be handled in bulk with machinery more easily than unpelleted feeds The feeding management experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of lohi lambs raised on different levels of alfalfa hay and alfalfa pellets at Small Ruminant Training and Research Center (B Block) UVAS Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Eighteen male Lohi lambs having approximately same body weight (20 ± 3 kg) were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C of six lambs each. Lambs were fed on different physical forms of alfalfa on individual basis for 12 weeks. Group A having alfalfa pellets 100 %, group B alfalfa pellets and hay, 50:50 and group C were fed 100 % alfalfa hay. The data on Daily feed intake, weekly weight gain, feed analysis, feed digestibility, feed efficiency and comparative economics were recorded, analyzed and interpreted in the manuscript.
The mean daily feed intake on treatment A, B and C were 1170± 31.18, 851.69± 259 and 699.39± 23.74 g, respectively.. Daily feed intak showed increasing trend as the proportion of alfalfa pellet was increased in the diets. Feed intake difference was highly significant (P< 0.01) between treatments A, B and C, respectively. The mean weight gain of lambs on weekly bases was 0.8385±.00117, 0.6847±.00398 and 0.6272±0.0014 kg in treatment A, B and C, respectively. The lambs showed an increasing trend in weekly weight gain with the increase in the proportion of alfalfa pellet in the diets. The weight gain data also showed a highly significant (P< 0.01) difference between treatments and weeks.
The feed efficiency of the diets in different treatments was calculated considering the amount of feed consumed per unit of weight gain.. Mean feed consumption per kg of weight gain was of 0.0945±0.00012, 0.1060±0.00069 and 0.1196±0.0003 kg for labs on treatment A, B, and C, respectively. The diet C having 100 % alfalfa hay was found highly efficient and diet A having 100 alfalfa pellet was least efficient to convert it into one kg gain.
The comparative economics calculation of feeding experiment showed that highest daily gross margin of Rs. 9.01 was recorded in lambs under treatment C followed by treatment B (Rs. 6.086) and lowest (Rs. 0.94) on treatment A. The calves showed an increasing trend in daily gross margin as the proportion of alfalfa hay was increased in the diets and decreased with the increase in the level alfalfa pellets in the diets
CONCLUSION:
On the basis of findings it is concluded that to increase palatability, more feed consumption, achieve better gain, minimize feed wastage and most economical feeding proportion is 100 % alfalfa pellets. It is suggested that this proportion is desirable to achieve higher growth rate.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1236,T] (1).
321.
Response Of Cryopreserved Nili-Ravi Buffalo Bull Semen To Alpha Lipoic Acid Inclusion In Semen Extender
by Ali Gohar | Prof.Dr.Ijaz Ahmad | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: In Pakistan buffalo is the main milk producing animal. Proven buffalo bulls are small in number and at the same time semen volume and sperm concentration is also low as compared to cattle. The major problem from the reproductive point of view seems to be low fertility (33%) particularly when being inseminated with frozen semen.
The most probable causes are mechanical and chemical damages to the spermatozoa during cryopreservation processes particularly motion characteristics and morphological changes (e.g., plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity) which cause a consequent reduction in the sufficient number of viable sperm cells at the site of fertilization. All these parameters are prone to oxidative changes which occur during the cryopreservation of semen. A minimum loss of spermatozoa during semen processing can be the only option for optimal use of the few elite buffalo bulls. Addition of any suitable antioxidant like ALA to the semen extender might be helpful in reducing these causes and will ultimately improve reproductive efficiency of buffalo bulls used in AI.
In this study, semen from healthy Nili Ravi buffalo bulls (n=5) was collected by artificial vagina and subjected to the different inclusion levels of ALA @ 0.50mM, 1.00mM, 2.00mM, 3.00.0mM, and 4.00mM. One group (control) received zero inclusion level of ALA. Semen was evaluated, diluted, cooled, filled in 0.5ml straws, equilibrated at 4°C for 4 hours and frozen in liquid nitrogen.
After storage and transportation to the Physiology Laboratory of UVAS, semen was thawed and evaluated for percentage motility of spermatozoa, plasma membrane integrity (HOST assay), acrosomal integrity (NAR) and vitality (Live/Dead). Five straws from each ALA treatment group were thawed individually in water bath at 37°C for 30 seconds and evaluated for quality parameters. The data collected was presented as cells ± SE and treatment groups were compared using one way analysis of variance. The group differences were compared by using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results of this study revealed that addition of 0.50mM ALA in semen extender may be useful from the cryopreservation point of view.
In conclusion addition of 0.50mM ALA in semen extender improved post-thawed semen quality in terms of spermatozoa motility and plasma membrane integrity, which indicates that the importance of an antioxidant in semen extender can not be neglected.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1240,T] (1).
322.
Chemical Equivalence Of Different Brands Of Amoxicillin Trihydrate And Its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
by Rana Adnan Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr aftab Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the chemical equivalence of different brands of amoxicillin trihydrate (long acting and short acting) approved by the ministry of health and available in the market for veterinary use. Amoxicillin was measured by HPLC method developed and standardized in the laboratory. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the amoxicillin trihydrate was determined. Solutions of different concentrations were prepared from amoxicillin trihydrate reference standard for the determination of LOD. and were protected from light and stored at 2-8 oC until used. The LOD calculated by us was 0.100 (µg / ml) and LOQ was 0.5 (µg / ml). Correlation Coefficient should be ? 0.99 and the result obtained by the data was 0.99984050. Chemical equivalence of all brands was determined by using HPLC systems (Shimadzu & Agilent). Concentrations for reference standard (50, 25 and 10 ?g /ml ) and for each brand (Alomox LA, Amovet LA, Farmox LA, Novamox LA, Trioxyl LA, Amoxi-vet, Colimox, and Colimoxin) were used. All the results obtained showed that maximum percentage of assay obtained among long acting was of the brand Farmox LA (101 %) and in case of short acting was of Amoxi-vet (101%). Minimum percentage of assay among long acting was of brand Amovet LA (92 %) and in case of short acting was of Colimox (96%). MIC of amoxicillin against E.coli and Staphylococcus was determined by micro broth dilution test. According to our results 73.33 % E.coli were susceptible and 26.67% were resistant to the amoxicillin trihydrate. Our results showed that 86.67% Staphylococcus were susceptible and 13.33% were resistant to Amoxicillin Trihydrate (Reference Standard). It showed that this antibiotic is still very effective against the diseases produced by the Escherichia.coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1249,T] (1).
323.
Epidemiological Study Of Hepatitis C Viral Infection And Its Association With Socioeconomic And Other Risk Factors
by Bilal Munir Ahmad | Prof.Dr.M.Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1263,T] (1).
324.
Comparative Evaluation Of Various Canine Parvovirus Vaccine In Dogs
by Muhammad Usman Asghar | Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof.Dr.Masood Rabbani | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1269,T] (1).
325.
Use Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (Bht) As Antioxidant In Buffalo Semen Extender
by Tayyab Munir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The Buffalo is the major milk producing animal in Pakistan. Nili-Ravi breed of buffalo is the one of the best breeds of the world. Buffalo contributes seventy percent of total milk production in Pakistan. The excellent buffalo bulls are few in number and their semen volume and sperm concentration is also low as compared to cattle. The animal has lower fertility particularly when inseminated with frozen semen. There are many reasons for poor fertility of buffalos and one of the most important reasons may reasons for poor fertility of buffalos and one of the most important reasons may be the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (POS) from the plasma membrane of spermatozoa causing damage to the membrane integrity due to lipid peroxidation. The addition of optimum level of antioxidants like BHT to buffalo semen extender before freezing may be answer to this problem. The main objective of the present study was to determine the level of total of antioxidants in the semen and to optimize the quantity of BHT in the semen extender of the Nili Rave Buffalo bulls.
In this study semen from Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls ( n=10) was collected twice per week and diluted with Tris egg yolk citrate extender. Antioxidant BHT was added to the extended semen at the rate of 1.0mM, 1.0 mM and 2 mM while Control was containing no BHT. The semen was visually analyzed under phase contrast microscope for motility, vitality (Eosin/Nigrosin staining), plasma membrane (HOS assay) and acrosomal integrity (NAR), at three stages i.e. after dilution, before freezing and after freezing. For the determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), semen samples were transported under ice to Spectophotometric Laboratary, GC. University Lahore. Data collected was presented as mean= SEM. Treatment groups were compared using one way ANOVA and Results were compared by using Duncan Multiple Range Test using SPSS (version 16.0) ; SPSS Chicago IL.
Result of this study show significant (P< 0.05) improvement in semen motility, vitality, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity at 1.5 mM BHT concentration as compared to Control, however, insignificant difference was noticed with in treated groups and with in bulls. Maximum TEAC value (2.42) was observed in the extended semen containing two mM BHT and minimum TEAC values (0.58mM) in the post thaw semen sample with BHT.
It is concluded that addition of antioxidants in the buffalo semen improve the semen quality before and after freezing. Fortification of buffalo semen extender with BHT (@ of 1-1.5 mM) improved post thaw semen quality and hoped to increase the fertility of buffalo. However, field fertility trials need to be carried out for confirmation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1288,T] (1).
326.
Antigenic Relatedness Of Caecal Eimeria Species In Broilers By Sds-Page
by Muhammad Tayyub | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is caused by various species of Eimeria. Avian coccidiosis is divided in two types (intestinal and caecal). Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix cause caecal eimeriosis.E.tenella is the most pathogenic species and its infection is causing huge economic losses to poultry industry world wide. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Kasur and Sheikhupura). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. The prevalence of coccidiosis was higher (65.25%) in both districts. Coccidiosis was found more prevalent in district Kasur (66.5%) as compared to Sheikhupura (63%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional methods like Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation.. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 67.5% and 12.25% respectively in 400 suspected caecal samples. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Kasur (67.5%) as compared to district Sheikhupura (63%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Kasur (13%) than district Sheikhupura (11.5%). Protein profiling of all E. tenella strains was performed to check antigenic related ness between different isolates of E.tenella. More tan ninety percent isolates were antigenically identical which showed that E.tenella isolates in both districts were antigenically related.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1239,T] (1).
327.
Uterine Microbial Flora Of Sahiwal Cattle During Oestrus And Its Relayionship With Pregnancy Rate
by Habib- Ur- Rehman | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Nasim.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: In the present study uterine microbial flora of Sahiwal cattle during oestrus and its relationship with pregnancy rate was determined. According to the results a total of 11 bacterial species were isolated from 50 uterine samples of estrus Sahiwal cattle, maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI), Bahardur Nagar, district Okara, Punjab province, Pakistan. The isolates include E. coli, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Citrobacter diversus, Salmonella spp., Proteus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. Tabulation of results showed that prevalence of these isolates was different among pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Moreover, E .coli, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Citrobacter diversus are found to be thriving in uterus as normal microbial flora, whereas, Streptococcus spp. isolate as abnormal microbial flora appearing to be having some role in decreasing pregnancy rate. While, Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium spp. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella spp., and Proteus spp. Isolates could not be differentiable as normal and abnormal uterine microbial flora due to insignificant available data. Furthermore, complete blood counts of 50 blood samples of these same animals indicated that those animals harboring isolates like Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Corynebacterium spp. in their uterus, had more likelihood of abnormally increased value of Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) than to presence of any other bacteria. But due to lower data of Pseudomonas spp., and Corynebacterium spp isolated from total samples, only Streptococcus spp. seemed to be ranked as abnormal in Pakistani Sahiwal cattle cows. Interestingly all those animals from where Corynebacterium spp. was isolated, were showing increased values both of MCV and HCT (Hematocrit) which is indicative of their pathogenic role in causing uterine infections.
On the basis of this study it can be modestly concluded that uterine microbial flora identification may serve as a better tool in assessing and foretelling the reproductive health status of the breeding animals. After necessary assessment, presence of any harmful microbial flora or pathogen can be effectively treated through either selecting an appropriate antibiotic by using culture sensitivity testing or by using any suitable bactericidal agent thereby help in boosting conception and pregnancy rates.
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328.
Effect Of Two Synchronization Protocols (Ovsynch Va 2Pg)And Gnrh Pn Day Of Breeding On Reproductive Performancein
by Hasan Riaz | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The main objective of the present study is to compare the two synchronization protocols (Ovsynch vs 2PG) on estrus response, follicular development, ovulation, pregnancy rate and fecundity in Beetal and Teddy breeds of Pakistan. The secondary objective is to determine the efficacy of GnRH at the time of breeding on pregnancy rate in Beetal goats. Experiment 1 was conducted with a total of 28 goats during breeding season (September-October) at Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The goats were randomly allocated in one of two treatment groups, Ovsynch and two PGF treatments. The Ovsynch treated does received an intramuscular injection of GnRH analogue 12.5µg lecirelin (Dalmarelin®, Fatro, Italy), on "Day 0". On "Day 7" does were treated with injection of PGF2? analogue 37.5µg d-cloprostenol (Dalmazin®, Fatro, Italy,) followed by a second injection of 12.5µg lecirelin (Dalmarelin®, Fatro, Italy), after a 48h period. Animals in the double PGF group received two injections of 37.5µg d-cloprostenol (Dalmazin®, Fatro, Italy), 10 days apart. In order to determine the estrous response and its duration, two aproned bucks were used twice daily for 30 minutes after the last PGF2? injection in both groups until the termination of estrous signs. All goats were naturally bred 12h after the onset of estrus. Follicular and luteal activity was monitored by transrectal Ultrasonography (ALOKA, SSD 900 Japan) with the aid of a 7.5-MHz linear array transducer daily- from the start of treatment, until estrus and then twice a day until the cessation of large follicles (apparent ovulation). On day 7 after breeding, all goats were re-examined by transrectal ultrasonography to determine the ovulation rate, based upon the number of CL's present. Pregnancy rate and fecundity (no of embryos per doe) was again determined at Day 30 after breeding by transrectal ultrasonography. Experiment 2 was performed on 25 goats. These does were randomly allocated to two groups (GnRH, n=11 and Control, n=14). GnRH does received 12.5µg lecirelin on the day of natural breeding (12h after standing estrus), while the control does did not receive any treatment. Timing of ovulation, pregnancy rate and fecundity were assessed by transrectal ultrasonography as in Experiment 1. Estrus (Experiment 1) was detected in 10 out of 14 does (71%) in Ovsynch group, while all 14 goats (100%) of double PGF responded group. The interval from the last PGF injection to estrus was 48.0 ± 2.6h in the Ovsynch group, while 36.0 ± 1.2h in the double PGF group (P<0.05). The interval from the last PGF injection to ovulation did not differ significantly between the Ovsynch (73.0 ± 4.8h) and double PGF (66.0 ± 2.7h) groups respectively. Similarly the interval from standing estrus to ovulation was not significant between the Ovsynch (24.0 ± 3.7h) and double PGF (30.0 ± 2.7h) treatments respectively. Estrous duration was similar in both treatment groups (44.7 ± 4.9h for Ovsynch and 47.1 ± 2.9h for the 2PGF). The size of ovulatory follicle was similar in both treatment groups (Ovsynch, 7.1 ± 0.2mm; 2PGF, 7.1 ± 0.1mm). On day 7 after breeding, the ovulation rate (no. of CL's on the ovary) were similar in both the Ovsynch (1.6 ± 0.2) and double PGF (2.0 ± 0.2) groups. The pregnancy rate as determined by transrectal ultrasonography on day 30 (Fig. 1) revealed 6/10 (60%) in the Ovsynch and 11/14 (78%) in the double PGF groups respectively (not significant). Fecundity was similar for both treatment groups (1.6 ± 0.2). In Experiment 2 the interval from standing estrus to ovulation recorded was not significant (31.2 ± 2.9h and 36.0 ± 5.3h), the ovulatory diameter (6.8 ± 0.1mm, 7.2 ± 0.5 mm (P<0.05), the pregnancy rate (54% (6/11) and 64% (9/14), and fecundity (1.5 ± 0.5, 1.7 ± 0.5) were not significant between GnRH treated and control does respectively (Table 2). From these experiments it can be concluded that the Ovsynch protocol, which is a non-steroidal and safe approach for estrous synchronization appears to be similar to the double PGF injection protocol, in terms of the reproductive performance in goats. However, this needs to be tested on larger number of animals. Furthermore, the use of GnRH at the time of breeding does not improve the reproductive performance in goats. The data generated has important implications for commercial goat farming in the developing countries.
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329.
Seriepidemiological Investigation, Risk Factors Analysis Of Brucellosis In Ruminants And Their Ownrs In Buner
by Muhammad Idrees | Prof. Dr. Munsur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ather Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
drama
Dissertation note: The study was conducted in District Buner of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province. In this study small and large ruminants and their owners were included. A two stage sampling technique was used. In the first stage sampling two villages were selected by systemic way. In the second stage sampling five households having livestock holdings were selected for sampling. Information about risk factors in man and animals were gathered by separate structured questionnaires. And to investigate Brucellosis blood samples were collected and serum was isolated. Serum samples were screened with RBPT.
The prevalence of Brucellosis in animals was 5.59%, 6.14%, 6.25%, 5.55% and 3.27% in sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo and livestock owners respectively. Herd level prevalence for Brucellosis in sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo and mix herds was 35%, 7.89%, 15.55%, 10.33% and 19.51% were positive for herds respectively. Individual herd level prevalence was from was 4.76%, 25% and 13.38% minimum, maximum and average respectively.
Among the risk factors associated with Brucellosis in ruminants type of farm operation (p-value=0.000), type of flooring system (p-value=0.095 & OR=0.36), ventilation. i.e. (p-value=0.252 & OR=0.55), housing condition (p-value=0.157 & OR=0.692), animal health status (p-value=0.000). But the results showed a significant relationship between natural breeding of the animals and positive cases of Brucellosis. i.e. (p-value=0.033 & OR=9.98). No animal suffered from Brucellosis for whom Artificial Insemination was used for breeding. Artificial Insemination was significantly associated with negative cases of Brucellosis. i.e. (p-value=0.033 * OR=0.10).
Among the risk factors in human significant association between the occupation of the person and Test results for Brucellosis among Humans.
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330.
Uterine Microbial Frlora Of Nili Ravi Buffalo During Estrus And Its Relationship With Pregnancy Rate
by Sohail Raza | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Ali Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Iqbal.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The low conception rate has been reported as one of the major cause of poor productivity of livestock. Beside other reasons, presence of different types of microflora inside the uterus of breeding animals, play a key role in the failure of pregnancy. All these microbes results in the infection of uterus ultimately affecting drastically the animal's conception rate. To study the impact of microbial flora on conception rate, 50 Nili Ravi buffalos were selected from Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. The breeding animals in heat just before artificial insemination were used to collect bacterial samples with the help of especially prepared and sterilized AI rod with some accessories. The samples were processed for the identification of bacterial microflora by doing number of conventional tests for final characterization. In this study seven different bacterial isolates were identified from all the samples. These include: Escherichia coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Citrobacter species, Proteus species, Lactbacillus species, and Micrococcus species. After elapse of proper period of time the pregnancy statuses of all these buffaloes were determined and correlated with the presence or absence of isolated microbes. The results indicated that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates were the most prominent bacteria in all the samples collected from pregnant, non pregnant and aborted animals. These two isolates could be designated as normal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes because of their presence during all the physical and pathological conditions. Proteus species and Micrococcus species were mostly isolated in pregnant animals. Statistical analysis also confirmed the above statement. Previous reports corroborate the present study and confirm that these bacteria are ranked as normal uterine microbial flora of bovines. So the previous study and present results confirm that both are the normal uterine microbial flora of pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes In the present study the prevalence of the Citrobacter spp. only in the aborted animals is supported by the previous studies which show that Citrobacter spp. Is only present in the diseased animals and it also cause the sporadic abortion. Statistical analysis of the data also proved the significance of Citrobacter spp. in aborted animals. So this concludes that Citrobacter spp. are the abnormal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan which leads to abortion. The present study has been able us to find the normal and the abnormal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes. This information will help to understand the infection process in breeding buffaloes and through corrective actions may decrease the infection rate / abortion rate in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
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331.
Prevalence Of Pediculosis In Government Primary School Children Of Lahore
by Sadia Chaudhry | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Ghazala Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pediculosis capitis is endemic parasite affecting many areas of the world. The objectives of my studies was to record prevalence of head lice in school children in Lahore.
A total of 500 primary school children examined for the prevalence of Pediculus capitis, aged 7-11 years and above. The child was declared as infected person if any head lice were detected either in the form of live or dead eggs, or nits.
The following characteristics were recorded for each child such as the sex, age, monthly income, family size, , pet ownership, parents' education, number of siblings, frequency of hair washing and presence or absence of social security of the family were recorded for all children
Pediculosis capitis was recorded in 387 (77%) children. The prevalence of head lice infestation was significantly more in girls (85%) than in boys (52%).
Among school girls, the head lice infestation rates in Low, Middle and High socio-economic groups were 96%, 85% and 71% respectively. Among school boys, the prevalence of head lice rates in Low, Middle and High socio-economic groups were 60%, 50% and 36% respectively.
Children of age 9-10 years and those age 11 years exhibited a significantly low prevalence than those of age 7-8 years.
Some variables were found to be significantly related to head lice infestation such as sex, pet ownership, age, parent's education level and hair length. This study shows that major factor influencing the occurrence of Pediculosis is socio-economic status among school children of both sexes (male and female) in the Lahore.
The results of this study was shows that the prevalence of head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) is high in Lahore, and is found in all investigated schools regardless of personal hygiene and socio-economic status.
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332.
Prevelance Of Intesrinal Parasitosis Among Children At Day Care Centers Of Lahors In Reation To Socio- Economic Srarus
by Amera Batool | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Some intestinal parasitosis pathogen have potential is well known, many of them not shows symptoms, due to the body immunity and climatic element (Vinayak et al. 1990). While other shows like B. hominis and C. parvum. Persistent and acute diarrhea has been linked with the Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba / dispar, a protozoa having alike character with E. histolytica which is a not involve in causing diseases but proved symbiotic association in gut, not harms the other.
Children up to age of 3 years commonly found with anemia and iron deficiency due to malnutrition caused by high prevalence of parasitosis. (Kapur et al., 2001)
Cryptosporidium parvum within age of 5 years children gave highest prevalence rates in a community, among different parasites (Palmer & Biffin 1990). Cryptosporidium spp have been causative agent of persistent and acute diarrhea in many research works (Lima et al. 1992).
In developing countries intestinal parasitosis infection is a major health issue by promote health standards and controlling the carriers or vector, most countries have successfully reduced the rates of infestation. However, in developing countries geographic, socio-economic factors and natural calamity increase the health problems. Countries, which are geographically located in hot and humid areas along with poverty, unavailability of clean water, malnutrition, and high population density provide maximum chances for the development and high intestinal parasitic risk. Because of lack of sufficient research and attention of infectious and parasitic diseases in developing countries is the main problem hurdle to eliminating the risk of parasitic infestation.( Sayyari et al.,2005)
Pakistan estimated the intestinal parasitosis as the important public health problem. In developing countries intestinal parasitosis infection is a major health issue by promote health standards and controlling the carriers or vector, most countries have successfully reduced the rates of infestation. However, in developing countries geographic, socio-economic factors and natural calamity increase the health problems. Intestinal parasitosis is most familiar in children due to lack of hygienic condition. Physiologist and medical specialists are recommended that parasitosis infections delay children's growth, malnutrition, lost the opportunities of education and development. The under study carried out to record the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis within children at day care centers of Lahore and also to relate environmental factors with socio-economic status.
The basic purpose for collection of stool specimens were to examined the parasitic eggs, cysts, and larvae, by different methods like fresh smears method and Scotch tape method. Trophozoites of amoeba were examined in fresh smears. Oxyure eggs were seen in Scotch tape slides. The parasitic size was measured by ocular micrometry method. Formaline ether concentrate method was being done for finding cysts (Machado,1999 ; Lotphy 1990). Socio- economic and environmental factors were also is studied.
Of 174 children 56 children studies positive for parasitosis, 96 were males and 78 females. One or more intestinal parasites were identified in 40 (22.9% children) the most pravelent parasite were E. vermicularis 9.19% G. lamblia 6.89% E.histolytica 5.17% A.lumbricoides 2.87% H.nana 1.14% T. saginata1.72% T.trichiura 4.59% and E.coli 0.57% showed a low infection respectively
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333.
Phylohenetic Analysis Of Haemahhlutnin- Neuraminidase Hene Of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated From Lahore District
by Hasjaa, Habib | Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Muti- ur-.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Newcastle disease is still rendering huge economic losses to the poultry industry in Pakistan and available vaccines are not protecting the birds from the disease. Genetic variation is a salient feature among various viruses that makes it difficult to produce the vaccines that can protect birds against these viruses. Avian paramyxovirus, the causative agent of ND can also undergo such genetic variations. Various biological and serological methods have been used in the past to detect the ND virus. In recent times, the phylogenetic analysis of NDV had been proved to be a very useful application to find out epidemiological relatedness among the NDV isolates present around the globe. The present project was designed to obtain sequence data of the HN gene from different recently obtained ND virus isolates, in order to rule out any possible genetic variation among these isolates. One hundred ND suspected samples from chicken were collected from different sources and areas of Lahore district. These samples were subjected to different serological, biological and molecular evaluations. As a preliminary step, the suspected samples were processed and inoculated in 9-11 days old SPF chicken eggs for virus propagation and the infective allanto-amniotic fluid (AAF) were harvested. The spot HA test was performed and the positive AAF were subjected to haemagglutination test (HA). The samples showing positive haemagglutinating activity were selected. For the confirmation of HA positive AAF, the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) was performed with known positive NDV antiserum and to check the cross reactivity, the HI was also performed with H5, H7 and H9 antisera. Only ten samples showed positive HI activity with NDV antiserum and were selected for biological and molecular studies. For the pathotyping of isolates, standard assays like intracerebral pathogenecity index (ICPI) was performed in day old chicks and mean death time (MDT) was performed in 9-11 days old embryonated chicken eggs. Five isolates were found lentogenic, three mesogenic and two were found as velogenic NDV. Reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) was performed for the molecular characterization of these isolates. For this purpose, the NDV genomic RNA was extracted from infective AAF of NDV isolates and the Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. For the amplification of HN gene, the cDNA was used as template, initially to amplify the full length HN gene for the detection of NDV and later on a 519bp long segment of HN gene was amplified for the purpose of sequencing. The PCR products were purified from gel and were sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment results revealed that three isolates were lentogenic NDV having maximum similarity with clone30 strain and other two were velogenic NDV having close relationship with viruses of genotype VIIb. Nucleotide sequence analysis and amino acid comparison indicated that the HN gene sequence and the resulted amino acid sequence of UDL/Lahore/53 and UDL/Lahore/55 was highly different from those of NDV reference strains reported in chicken. Existing vaccines may not provide optimum protection against these strains, resulting in vaccination failure and leads to severe economic losses to poultry industry. Therefore a better understanding on the genotypic history of NDV might be helpful in the development of more effective vaccines.
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334.
Detection Of Mycoplasma Synoviae By Pcr And Its Histopatholohical Studies In Poutry Breeder In District Abbottabad
by Sajjad Ahmad | Dr. Muti- ur- Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry, an important sub-sector of livestock, has emerged a cheaper source of protein for human consumption. Mycoplasmas are the smallest known bacteria, 300-800 nm in diameter and are capable of replicating outside the cell. Mycoplasma synoviae is a member of the class Mollicutes, order Mycoplasmatales, family Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is considered economically to be most important pathogen. Mycoplasma synoviae infections occur in poultry worldwide, affecting poultry and causes diseases like respiratory distress, synovitis and arthritis. Mycoplasma is transmitted from infected to healthy birds both by horizontal and vertical routes. Horizontally disease is transmitted via infected and healthy carrier birds, hatchery, housing, equipments, feeding and during transportation.
To have an insight on pathogenesis and reliable diagnostic techniques, the present project was designed to know comparative sensitivity of rapid agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction for MS diagnosis and to study the gross lesion and histopathological changes in chicken joints produced by MS.
The birds showing clinical signs that included respiratory i.e. tracheal rales, conjunctivitis, coughing, sneezing, ocular and nasal discharge and infectious synovitis were selected for sample collection. Initially the collected sera samples were examined by Rapid Serum Agglutination test. RSA and PCR tests were used in order to confirm the pathogenic agent. RSA and PCR positive samples were further processed for histopathological study in order to identify the lesions in tissues produced by causative organism. In field visits it was observed that the suspected birds were with pale comb, mild to severe lameness, dull, depressed, ruffled feather, conjunctivitis, oculo-nasal discharge, tracheal rales and greenish or sulfur faeces. Birds hock joints, toe joints and paws pad were swelled. The infected birds were occasionally found with generalized infection. The infected birds complicated with other diseases of poultry such as Newcastle and infectious bronchitis causes infection airsacculitis.
Rapid serum agglutination test was conducted at 14 broiler breeder farms. The birds at a farm were showing respiratory and infectious synovitis signs and symptoms, suspected to Mycoplasma synoviae. The tests were performed at the spot. A total of 239 sera samples were examined out of which 63 (26.35%) sera samples were positive for MS. The clinical samples were identified and confirmed as Mycoplasma synoviae infection by PCR. The amplified PCR product was given about 211 bp size while PCR buffer was used as negative control. A total of 213 samples were subjected to PCR and 65 (30.52%) revealed PCR positive results for tracheal swabs, 28.16% (20 samples out 71) showed positive results. For tracheal and lung 33.38 % (24 out of 71) and 29.57% (21 out of 71 samples) were positive, respectively. The PCR test successfully amplified the DNA of MS clinical positive samples. Sixty five out of 213 Mycoplasma synoviae isolates were positive in MS specific PCR while the other 148 samples were negative. The sensitivity and specificity of molecular method Polymerase chain reaction was 100 percent.
For histopathological studies the samples of different organs including trachea, lungs, liver, hock joints (articular cartilage, piece of synovial membrane) and foot pad were further processed. The trachea was examined. There was epithelial degeneration, desquamation. congestion, haemorrhages and inflammatory cell infiltration. The lungs were examined and it was revealed that there was marked congestion, haemorrhages, necrosis and mononuclear cells infiltration. Liver showed infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Articular cartilage showing chondrocytes degenration. Synovial membrane was thickened due to infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cell. Foot pad showed hyperkaratosis and thickning of epidermis, acanthosis, degeneration of cartilage, infiltration of both mononuclear and plasma cell.
It is concluded from findings of present study that PCR is more appropriate technique than RSA for timely diagnosis of Mycoplasma synoviae. However combination of findings of both techniques may be utilized for accurate detection of Mycoplasma synoviae from broiler breeder in district Abbottabad.
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335.
Study Of Livestock Health Issues And Availability Of Veterinary Services To Pastoral Herds Of Northern Pakistan
by Ahmad Wasim Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pastoralists contribute great contribution in the economy of the developing world providing food and employment to peoples. In Pakistan pastoralism is also present and the pastoralists having their livestock keeping mobile through all the year upland and lowland. The goal of this research study has been to assess the major health problems in market oriented Livestock development. Although the feed resource and grazing land are quite enough, the research that was carried out in Narran valley reveals of how widespread the diseases are the health problems of livestock. The study indicates Narran valley has a high livestock population, which plays a substantial role in the livelihood of the farmers. In general, livestock is the most important unit of the Agricultural Community in both the market and the households' level. Unfortunately, animal productivity is very low in the area there are many reasons for this, among which is the major obstacle of widespread animal health problems and veterinary services availability. The diseases reported in the herds are the CCPP, FMD, Brucellosis, Small Pox, Liver flukes, Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Enterotoxaemia, GID, Tympany, and PPR. These diseases cause heavy economic losses in their herds every year. The veterinary services for the land less pastoralists were not available where their herds were settled. For this research a survey was conducted to get the perceptions of the pastoralists and the veterinary services providers. Questionnaires were made for the pastoralists and veterinary services providers.
Results of this study lead to development of a policy for the landless herder's livestock. This was a useful study on the livestock health issues and veterinary services, as no other study has been carried out in Pakistan for the livestock of land less transhumant herders. Additionally this study can become the basis for further research in their livestock.
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336.
Evaluation Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Medicinal Plants Extracts Against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
by Waqas Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The antiviral activity of plants Glyceriza glabra Linn. (roots), Phyllanthus emblicus Linn. (Fruit), Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Leaves), and Moringa oleifera Lam. (Leaves) were evaluated against Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in this study. Ethanolic extraction of these plants was carried out by using Soxhlet apparatus and extracts was dried by using rotary evaporator. Four dilutions of each extracts viz 100, 50, 25 and 12.5?g/ml were made in distilled water. Vero cells were infected by mild strain of IBDV. Dilutions of these extracts were applied in triplicate manner on Vero cells that are confluent in 96 well cell culture plates. Positive control and negative control for antiviral assay were media plus cells and virus plus media respectively in antiviral assay. A cell culture plate was incubated for four days. After this incubation, viability of cells was determined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay. The cytotoxic activity of mentioned plant extracts was carried out by treating the cells with mentioned dilutions used in antiviral assay and incubating the 96 well cell culture plate for 4 days. Viability of cells was determined by MTT colorimetric assay. Positive and negative control for cytotoxic evaluation was cells plus media and cells plus media plus DMSO (10 %) respectively. Endpoint of this assay was measured in terms of cell survival percentage. Results were compared for qualitative variables using Chi-square technique and quantitative variables by linear regression analysis. 100 ug/ml and 50 ug/ml concentrations of Moringa oleifera Lam. showed cell survival percentages of 80% and 75% respectively and all four test dilutions of same plant showed no cytotoxicity for Vero cells. Two concentrations of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. 25ug/ml and 12.5ug/ml showed prominent cell survival of 75% and 80% respectively and other two concentrations 100ug/ml and 50ug/ml were found cytotoxic. Only 100ug/ml of Phyllanthus emblicus Linn. has shown cytotoxicity and 50ug/ml and 25ug/ml shown prominent antiviral activity. All concentrations of Eugenia jambolana Lam. were found non cytotoxic and 100ug/ml showed some antiviral potential against Infectious Bursal Disease virus.
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337.
Helminthiasis In Children Upto Twelve Years Of Age And Their Effect On Different Blood Parameters
by Dr. Fareed Ahmad Afzal | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Tayyaba Ejaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Helminthic infections causing anemia are the major public health problems globally. Intestinal parasites are most prevalent in tropical countries. Tropical countries have mild climate and heavy rains which are breeding grounds for parasites.
The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of intestinal helminthic infections in two to twelve years old children at three different hospitals of lahore. For this purpose, a total of 250 stool samples were examined for the presence of various endoparasites. Stool samples were examined by direct smear and floatation techniques. Identification of eggs was made on the basis of morphological characteristics.
250 blood samples of the same children were also collected for the determination of haemoglobin level. Haemoglobin determination was done by haematology analyzer (Sysmex- model number KX-21). In this way association of parasitic infections with anemia was done.
Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was noted in children according to age and gender, among different hospitals of lahore and among children whose family members had received different levels of education. The present study has also dealt with the relationship between haemoglobin levels along with their means and standard deviation.
Out of the total 250 stool samples examined, it was found that 29 samples were infected with a prevalence of (11.6%). Out of these 29 samples, there were 13(44.82%) cases of Ascaris lumbricoides, 8(27.58%) cases of Hymenolepis nana, 6(20.68%) cases of Taenia saginata and 2(6.89%) cases of Hookworm. The level of haemoglobin in these children ranged from 3.7gm/dl to 9.8 gm/dl. This indicates that there is a relationship between helminthiasis and anemia.
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338.
Biometry Of Femake Reproductive Tract Of Nili- Ravi Buffalo
by Atta-ur-Rehman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Knowledge of biometry of female reproductive tract of Nili Ravi buffalo is very
important for artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis, estrus detection and to deal
with infertility problems. Animals were divided into four groups based on age and
cyclicity, which were non cyclic heifer, cyclic heifer, non cyclic adult and cyclic adult.
Each group contained ten reproductive tracts collected from government slaughter house
at Lahore. Anatomical parameters of normal female reproductive tract (ovary, oviduct,
uterine horn, intercornualligament, uterine body and cervix) were recorded.
Mostly the shape of the ovary was almond in Nili Ravi buffalo except one animal where
the shape of the ovary was oval. Length, diameter, circumference, weight, thickness, and
ovarian bursa diameter of left and right of cyclic adult were significantly higher than that
of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer. Mesovarien length of left and right ovary of
cyclic adult, non cyclic adult and cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of non
cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference in mean number of follicles, outer
diameter, total diameter and total length on both ovaries among different groups. There
was no significant difference in number of regressed, developed and hemorrhagic CL on
both ovaries in all groups. Length and thickness of left and right oviduct of cyclic adult
were significantly higher than those of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer while, in
case of oviduct weight there was no significant difference among different groups. Outer
length, bifurcation lepgth, total length, diameter, weight, circumference and uterine artery diameter of left and right uterine horn of cyclic adult were significantly higher than those of non cyclic adult, non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer. In the same way that of cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer. Thickness of left uterine horn wall of cyclic adult was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer and non cyclic adult but in case of right uterine horn there was no significant difference in thickness among different groups. Mean number of caruncles of left and right uterine
horn as well as length of dorsal and ventral intercornual ligament of cyclic adult and non cyclic adult
was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer. Mean length, diameter,
circumference, thickness and weight of uterine body and cervix of cyclic adult were significantly higher
than those of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer. Mean length, diameter, weight, diameter and
circumference of uterine body and cervix of non cyclic adult and cyclic heifer were significantly higher
than those of non cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference in mean number of cervical rings
among different groups of Nili Ravi buffalo while shape of the cervix was cylindrical in all groups.
Length of cervix protrusion in vagina of cyclic adult and non cyclic adult was significantly higher than
that of non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer and that of cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of
non cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference between left and right parts of female
reproductive tract except ovarian lengt, ovarian diameter, ovarian bursa d iameter and number of
caruncles.
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339.
Effect Of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Milk Production, Composition, Body Weight And Some Biochemical Parameters of Lactating Beetal Goats
by Mahar Abdul Qudus | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr.Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is the third largest goat producing country in the world after China and India. According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2010-2011 the population of goats stood at 61.1 million and their population is increasing at the rate of more than 3% per annum. The study was designed to investigate the effect of Bovine Somatotropin on milk production, composition, and weight gain and biochemical parameters in lactating Beetal goats at Small Ruminant Training and Research Center at Ravi campus Patoki, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Fifteen lactating Beetal goats of almost same age, body weight, and parity were included in this study. The goats were divided into three group's i.e A, B &C. Five animals in each group according to the lactation stage, parity and milk yield. Group A was used as control group, while B & C were subcutaneously injected with 50 & 100 mg /week of rbST for 8 weeks.
The treatment of goats with rbST rapidly increased milk yield after the onset of treatment. Statistically there was significant difference among the treatment (p<0.05). Highest increase in milk yield (29 %) was observed in group C that was treated with 100 mg of rbST. Non significant difference was noted between 50 mg and 100 mg treatment groups. Milk samples were analyzed for, protein, lactose, ash, total solids and fat. However slight increase in milk protein, lactose, ash, total solids and fat (9.33, 10.42, 3.92, 3.22 and 8.81 %) was observed respectively. However statistically there was nn significant difference was observed among the treatments.
Body weight (BW) of the does was not significantly affected by rbST treatment. Highest increase in weight was observed in group B (1.53 %). Statistically non significant differences were observed between the treatments.
Blood plasma samples were analyzed for Total protein (g/dl), Albumin (g/dl), Globulin (g/dl), Glucose (mg/dl), Urea (mg/dl), Creatinine (mg/dl), Total bilirubin (mg/dl), Cholesterol (mg/dl). A slight increase in plasma protein, cholesterol, albumin, was observed during the treatment period. However statistically non significant difference was observed among them. Plasma glucose level increase significantly (P<0.05) during the experiment period. Highest increase in plasma glucose (92.14 %) was observed in treatment group B, while slight decrease in plasma creatinine, globulin, urea and total bilirubin was observed during the whole experiment period. However statistically there was non significant difference was observed among the treatments.
On the basis of above mentioned facts and figure it is concluded that 50 mg/wk dose of rbSt is efficacious in increasing milk yield without any adverse effect on lactating Beetal goats.
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340.
Preparatuin And Evaluation Of Monospecific Anisera Against Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase And Matrix Proteins of local Avian Influenza Strains H5 N1, H7 N3, H9 N2, for diagnostics
by Sumaira Ijaz | Dr. Atif Hanif | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Avian Infuenza is an economically important disease of poultry worldwide. It has caused losses to poultry industry on larger scale. It is important due to its zoonotic nature. Studies were carried out to raise monospecific antisera against hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix antigens. HA, NA and M proteins of each of the avian influenza strains were separated on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). First virus was lysed to release the proteins. Virus was lysed by using 4% Triton X 100, 1mM KCl and 0.01M Tris buffer. Then the sample was dialyzed. Sample was run on gel to purify proteins. The protein bands of appropriate molecular weight were cut and triturated in 1ml of normal saline. Material was centrifuged to remove the gel content.
Each protein was confirmed by the Bradford's Reagent. Each protein was individually mixed with Montanide ISA 50 adjuvant in 1:1 ratio to make the vaccine. Vaccine of each polypeptide of AIV strains was injected in three groups of nine birds each. One group of birds was injected with HA, second group with NA and third group with Matrix proteins of H?, H? and H?. Three groups of birds served as control. The blood samples of all birds were collected before and after inoculating vaccine. The sera of birds before and after inoculating vaccine were checked for antibodies titre against HA antigen by HI test. Antibodies against Matrix antigen were detected by Agar Gel Precipitation Test. Antibodies titre was raised after inoculating polypeptides. In case of sudden outbreaks, antisera may be helpful to control disease.
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341.
Isolation And Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern Of Bacteria Associated With Diarrhea Among Children
by Nida Shaukat | Dr. Imran Najeeb | Dr,Afab Ahmad Anjum | Dr.Atif Hanif.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Diarrheal disease is one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among
children in underdeveloped countries. In the present study 140 stool samples, were
collected from cases of children diarrhea and 120 (85.71 %) samples showed bacterial
growth. From these culture positive samples, bacterial pathogens were isolated and
identified as per standard protocols described in Bergey's Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology. Out of 120 stool samples, 163 bacterial isolates were obtained as
Escherichia coli 113 (69.3%), Salmonella enterica 42 (25.8%) and Shigella species 8
(4.9%). From a total of 113 E. coli isolates, 48 (42.5%) were identified as invasive E. coli
and 65 (57.5%) were non-invasive on the basis of binding with the Congo Red dye of the
Medium. Age-wise prevalence of isolates was also analysed as bacterial pathogens were
found more in age group 1 month to 4 years (95.7%), followed by the least isolated from
age group 5 to 8 years (1.84%) and age group 9 to 12 years (2.4%). Antimicrobial
sensitivity profile, was studied by standard Disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer) for
commonly used antibiotics, showed that all bacterial isolates were more sensitive to
antibiotics amikacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, tazocin and less sensitive to
cephradine, doxycycline, tetracycline and augmentin. The present study findings showed
that although there are a number of causative agents like viruses, bacteria and parasites of
diarrheal disease, bacteria still remain one of the major cause with E. coli, Salmonella
and Shigella being more important bacterial pathogens among pediatric diarrheal patients
in the selected study of four different public sector hospitals in Lahore District.
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342.
Correlatin Response Of Udder And Body Measurements As Affected By Age And Parity On Milk Contents And Yield In Nili- Ravi Buffaloesin Peri- Urban Areas of Lahore
by Muhammad Salman Khalid | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is diverse specie of domestic livestock and the utmost need of
modern dairy farms in developing countries especially where it is indigenous animal as in
Pakistan and India. To achieve and enhance the full genetic potential of the animal, first of all,
one must be able to select the animal which will seems to have good genetic for the dairy
production on the basis of phenotypic characters. As far as. selection of this animal. on the basis
of its milk producing unit i.e. udder conformation is concerned has not yet been conducted
precisely. Only animals are judged by traditional ways without scientific approach. The core
purpose of this study was to select Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes on the basis of their phenotypic
features for commercial purpose. A total of 200 lactating ili-Ravi animals were measured in
and around peri-urban areas of Lahore. Out of 200 animals 4, 32, 63, 53, 34 and 14 were
belonging to first, second, third, fourth, fifth and Sixth lactations, respectively. The animals
found in different lactation stages. 47 (23.5%) were in first. 76 i.e. 38% were in second and
77(38.5%) were present in their third lactation stage. The mean and standard deviation of udder
length in first to sixth lactation were 57.0 3.05cm, 62.4 1.08cm, 63.6±0.98cm, 65.9±0.95 em,
66.1±1.17 ern and 62.7±2.41 em, respectively. Whereas, measurements of udder depth in
lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes ranged in six lactations from 13.3±3.05 cm,10.7±0.37 ern. IO.8±0.20 em, 14.7±2.64cm. 11.11:0.22 ern andl0.5±0.40clll respectively .. Udder width of lactating buffaloes in first six parities was 23.9±0.6 cm, 28.0:1..3.2 em, 28.3 4.2 ern, 29.2±4.6 cm, 31.6± 3.2 ern and 30.7±1.3cm respectively. The size of milk vein in from parity one to six was 5.6±0.7 ern, 6.6±1.1 ern, 7.3±1.2 ern, 7.4±1.6 ern, 8.1±0.8 cm and 7.9±O.77 em respectively. The average udder length, udder depth. udder width and milk vein in all lactations were found to be 64.2±0.52cm, I 0.9±0.14 ern, 29.1 0.29cm and 7.4±0.1 ern respectively. Bowl shaped udder was found in 156 animals (78%), whereas only 39 out of 200 (19.5%) had round and only five animals got goaty shaped udders i.e.2.5%. The average teat length and teat diameter in all parities under study were 9.6±0.86 ern and 4.08±0.046 ern, respectively. Whereas, average distance between both fore teats was found 14.4±0.23cm. between rear teats 6.3±0.13cm and between fore and rear teats of right and left side were 6.4±0.13cm and 6.4±0.13cmrespectively. 89% (178/200) Nili- Ravi animals in the peri-urban areas of Lahore were found to have cylindrical shaped teats. Whereas only eight animals (4%) have bottle and fourteen animals (7%), was having funnel shaped teats. Average Heart Girth. Body Length and Body Height of lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were found to be 203.2'10.77 em, 147.3 0.71 em and 140.2± I.06cm. The mean distance between the two pin bones and hook bones of the body were 30.2±0.26 em and
56.9±0.32 em, whereas, mean body depth found in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes was 83.2±1.23 ern. The average scoring given to the different parts and overall body in the study were: Tail Head: 22.5±0.02; Ribs and Sacral region: 3.1±0.018; Angularity of Bones: 3.1±0.01; and Overall BCS: 2.9±0.0 17. The average fat%, protein%, SNF%, lactose% and solids (ash) % were 5.98±l.S, 3.3±O.2, 8.67±O.5, 4.58±O.3 and O.83±0.04 respectively.
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343.
Alleviation Of Cyclic Heat Stress In Broilers By Dietary Supplementation Of Mannan-Oligosaccharides And Lactobacillus-based Probiotic
by Muhammad Umar Sohail | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Hibib ur Rehman | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The antiviral activity of plants Silybum marianum (seeds), Chenopodium album (whole plant) and Nigella sativa (seeds) were evaluated against Peste des petitis ruminants virus (PPRV) and Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) in this study. Methanolic extraction of these plants was done by using Soxhlet apparatus and extracts were dried by using rotary evaporator. Six dilutions of each extracts 100, SO, 2S, 12.S, 6.2S, 3.12~g/ml were made in distilled water. Vero cells were infected by PPRV and BHK-21 by FMDV respectively. The herbal extracts assays of antiviral and cytotoxic were carried out in cell culture plates. Each well of 96 well cell culture plate were seeded with 104cell/ml of cell suspension. Cell counting was performed by hemocytometeric method. Positive and negative controls for antiviral and cytotoxic assay were also used, incubated the 96 well cell culture plates at 37°C for 4 days. After this incubation, MTT [3-(4,S-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,S-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay were used for the determination of their quantification. Endpoint of this assay was considered in terms of cell survival percentage. Results were compared for qualitative variables using Chi-square technique and quantitative variables by linear regression analysis. 1 OO~g/ml and SOIlg/ml concentrations of Chenopodium album showed cell survival percentages of 87.9% and 86% respectively in PPRV and all six test dilutions of same plant showed no cytotoxicity for Vero cells. IOuug/ml and
SO~g/ml concentrations of Chenopodium album showed cell survival percentages of 88.5% and 87.2% respectively in FMDV and all six test dilutions of same plant showed no cytotoxicity for BHK-21 cells. Two concentrations of Nigella sativa 50!J. glml and 25!J. glml showed prominent cell s urvival of 85% and 84% respectively in PPRV and only one concentrations l Ouug/ml were found cytotoxic.Two concentrations of Nigella sativa 50uglml and 25!J.glml showed prominent cell survival of 79% and 77% respectively in FMDV and only one concentrations IOuug/ml were found cytotoxic. Only IOuug/ml of Silybum marianum has shown cytotoxicity and 50!J.glml and 25!J.glml shown prominent antiviral activity 91% and 85% respectively in PPRV. In FMDV l Otlug/ml of Silybum marianum has shown cytotoxicity and 50!J.glml and 25!J.g/ml shown prominent antiviral activity 93% and 91 % respectively. The results of present study are helpful in the treatment of Peste des petitis ruminants and Foot and Mouth Disease.
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344.
Comparative Performance Of Lohi Lambs Supplemented With Lucerne (Medicago Sativa) Hay And Pelleted Diets In Addition
by Abdul Raziq | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Animal feed resources are still deficient in total digestible nutrients (28.62 million tons)
and digestible protein (1.76 million tons). To meet the requirement of animal, there is need to
properly conserve the flush season growth of Rabi fodder like berseem and alfalfa in their
. different physical forms. Lucerne pallets are economical feed supplement to fulfill protein and
energy requirements of grazing lambs. Feeding management study was conducted to evaluate the
different physical forms of lucerne in eighteen extensive grazing male Lohi lambs having
approximately same body weight. Lambs were fed on individual basis on three experimental
diets designated as A, Band C having extensive grazing, chopped lucerne hay, Lucerne hay
pellets respectively. Each lamb was also given concentrate ration @ 0.5% of body weight on dry
matter basis. The data on daily feed intake, weekly gain, feed digestibility, feed efficiency and
economics was recorded. Samples of feed were analyzed by official method of analysis. Mean
daily dry matter intake of Lohi lambs kept on treatments A, B and C was 820.88 ± 13.22,905.19
± 13.83 and1010.24 ± 15.34 g, respectively. The dry matter intake difference was highly
significant (P< 0.001) between treatments and weight gain on daily bases in lambs was 82.89 ±
0.27, 91.74 ± 0.40 and 119.49 ± 0.44g in treatment A, B and C, respectively. Group C is highly
efficient consuming 8.49 kg dry matter for 1 kg of weight gain following group B consuming
9.86 kg dry matter for 1kg weight gain. Group A showed lower efficiency as it consumes 9.90kg
dry matter for one kg of weight gain. It was highly economical to feed Lucerne pellets with
grazing with a gross margin of Rs.13.75/animal/day followed by extensive grazing with a gross
margin of Rs.11.15/animal/day. Lowest gross margin of Rs.11.12/animal/day was shown by the
lambs kept on extensive grazing.
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345.
Sheep Breeding Options And Role Of Support Services For Landless Mobile Herders In Norther Pakistan
by Muhammad Mudussir | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Northern areas of Pakistan are blessed with countless natural resources. One of these resources is small ruminants including sheep and goat. This study was done on sheep population of up and low land areas. This study was designed to investigate the breeding practices followed, perceptions about different breeding strategies by the low and upland pastoralists and support services provided by the livestock promoting authorities (JABA research & experimental station and Local veterinarians). By the help of this study productive, economical and ecological adaptation characteristics of native (Kaghani), exotic (Rambouillet, Afghani) and crossed sheep breeds were also be examined. For this purpose three questionnaires were developed. First questionnaire were carry questions on current number, number in last year and relative proportion of different sheep breeds on breeding strategies, productive characteristics, ecological adaptation and economical characteristics of different pure and cross breeds of sheep. While the investigations on support services provided by the livestock promoting authorities (JABA research & experimental station and Local veterinarians) were covered in second questionnaire. Interviews were be conducted from the low and up land pastoralists for the data recording of first questionnaire, while data recording of third questionnaire was done by interviewing the livestock promoting authorities. Statistical analysis of all the data recorded was done by epi - info software.
The studied parameters presented by various breeds in this experiment elucidated the fact that Afghani breed could be regarded as most economical and successfully adapted breed of the Northern areas of Pakistan in respect of its market value, disease resistance, twining rate, age at puberty and meat quality. The Kaghani breed on the other hand was having an advantage of being native breed of the respective area as it presented one of the best disease resistant characters among the studied breeds; for the same reason, it was the most prevalent breed of the area. Ramboullite is an exotic breed introduced in the area from USA and was kept mostly for having a trait of better and high wool production though its poor disease resistance and low twinning rate renders it less economical. The crossbred animals were produced mostly as a result of deliberate cross between Kaghani and Ramboulette and the maximum heterosis results in many of the better characters, increased wool quantity and quality, increased disease resistance and accelerated twinning rates, to name some of them.
The present study can be concluded to rate Afghani sheep breed as most economical breed of the Northern areas of Pakistan. This study was lead to explore the breeding practices in sheep in northern areas and future breeding policies making in sheep. The investigators of this trial opine that the Afghani breed being most economical breed of the area be bred and reared on a priority basis with selective breeding and proper management of the parent herds. In context of the wool production and disease resistance, crossbred animals should be investigated in a number of future trials to determine the most productive combination of blood percentage of the two parent breeds, i.e. Kaghani and Ramboullette. In spite of all the measures to improve economical scenario of the mobile herders with reference to sheep production, the gene pool of each pure breed population, i.e. Afghani, Kaghani and Ramboulette, should be maintained via selective breeding to ensure the availability of the parent nucleus. All these healthy and economical practices can be propagated only by the effective and efficient provision of the extension and support services of the local area, implementation authorities and livestock business related institutions.
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346.
Epidemiology, Serodiagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Anaplasmosis In Cattle
by Farhan Ahmad Atif | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr..Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Anaplasmosis is globally distributed tick-borne disease of livestock with great
economic importance in cattle industry. The current project was designed to estimate the
prevalence of anaplasmosis, ticks and risk factors associated with seroprevalence of
Anaplasma marginale among cattle in Sargodha, Khushab and Rawalpindi districts,
Punjab, Pakistan. Moreover, haematological changes in A. marginale infected cattle and
efficacy of chemosterilization regimens were evaluated using locally available drugs for
the elimination of adult naturally infected carrier cattle.
A total of 1050 blood, serum and tick specimens were collected from randomly
selected small holders (n=90) and private livestock farms (n= 12) using multistage cluster
random sampling technique. A total of 30 union councils, 34 cattle farms (30 small
holders and 4 livestock farms) and 350 cattle were selected as primary, secondary and
elementary sampling units from each district. Sampling unit was indigenous and
crossbred cattle of both the sexes.
Microscopic examination of the Giemsa stained blood mears revealed an overall
prevalence of blood parasites as 21.14%. Anaplasma marginale was the highe t prevalent
(5.81 %) haernoparasite of cattle followed in order by Theileria sp. (5.14%) and Babesia
bigemina (4.76%), respectively. Crossbred cattle were more susceptible to TBDs as
compared to the indigenous cattle. Highest prevalence of TBDs was recorded in summer.
The prevalence of tick-transmitted diseases was higher in small holders (31.3%) than
private livestock farms (17.5%). Chi square analysis indicated a significant association
(P<0.05) among indigenous and crossbred cattle to selected TBDs. Wherea. non-
significant association between different age groups, seasons, sex and farm sizes were
revealed.
The overall seroprevalence of Anaplasma marginale in cattle using cELlSA was
31.05%. Seroprevalence was higher in crossbred cattle of more than 4 years of age and
there was a significant (P<O.OO I) association between different age groups and breed. The
seroprevalence was significantly (P<0.05) higher in summer season in Sargodha and
Khushab districts. Moreover, the seroprevalence was significantly higher in small holders
in all study districts.
The epidemiological data and relevant information regarding area, host and farm
management factors were collected on a questionnaire through interview from each dairy
farmer, attendant or manager from September, 2009 to August, 20 10. Multivariate
analysis of risk factors revealed that cattle of more than 4 year of age (OR=5.42), heavy
tick infested (OR =2.10), crossbred (OR = 1.59) cattle were significantly at higher risk for
seroprevalence to Anaplasma marginale. Presence of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)
microplus (OR=3.70), use of ivermectin (OR=3.97), moderate interval of acaricide
frequency (OR= 16.50), stall feeding (OR=4.90) and use of unhygienic needles
(OR=24.00) were significantly associated with seroprevalence to Anaplasma marginale
in cattle (P<0.05). The Sargodha district was at higher risk (OR = 1.81) as compared to
Khushab and Rawalpindi.
The tick species identified from cattle were Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum,
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguine us, Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus) annulatus and Haemaphysalis sp. The overall prevalence of tick infestation
among cattle was 54.76%. The highest prevalence (57.71%) of cattle tick infestation was tick infested sites in cattle followed by dewlap (92%), inner thighs (90%), neck & back (54%), tail (26%), ears (13%), around eyes (10%), flanks (4%) and legs (2%).
The haematological changes were studied at different levels of parasitaemia " 7%, >7-15% and> 15%) in Anaplasma marginale infected Sahiwal and crossbred cattle. There was a significant difference (P<O.OS) among total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular
haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) at different levels of rickettsemia in both breeds. ignificant difference (P<O.OS) was noticed among RBCs, PCV and MCH blood parameters between Sahiwal and crossbred cattle.
A total of sixty Anaplasma marginale seropositive adult Sahiwal cattle were selected having their ages between 3-4 years ranging in weight from 246-341 kg. The animals were divided in four groups designated as OXY -group-I, E RO-group-II, IMC- group-III and control-group-IV, comprising IS animals each. The seropositive animals received oxytetracycline (22 mglkg IV once in a day for five days), enrofloxacin (S mglkg IV once in a day for five days) or imidocarb (S mglkg 1M twice, 7 days apart). Re ult of chemosterilization study indicated that oxytetracycline 13/1S (86.67%) and irnidocarb
dipropionate II/IS (73.33%) eliminated Anaplasma marginale infection in adult naturally infected carrier cattle on S6th day. The carrier clearance was confirmed by cELISA followed by subinoculation of blood in seronegative splenectomized calves.
It was concluded that TTBDs are widely distributed in Punjab, Pakistan. Host. management and area factors are involved with the seroprevalence of Anaplasma marginale in cattle. Haemolytic anaemia is the major haematological finding of Anaplasma marginale in cattle. Oxytetracycline is more effective and safe In chemosterilization of persistent Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle. There is a need for country wide epidemiological studies on ticks and TBDs using advanced serological
and molecular techniques. Moreover, the identification of the potential vector of anaplasmosis should be required for the effective prevention and control of anaplasmosis in Pakistan.
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347.
Descriptive Epidemiological Study Of Cancer Patients Registered At Mayo Hospital, Lahore
by Tamseela Naseem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The objective of this study were to report the distribution and pattern of various cancers in Mayo
hospital of Lahore over a period of last 5 years and to determine the age and gender distribution
of the various reported Cancer cases in the above mentioned teaching hospital of Lahore. This
research project was planned to study the epidemiology of various types of cancer among
population of Pakistan. For the design of study a descriptive study based on passive surveillance
system was planned. The data of cancer patients were collected from the Mayo Hospital a
Teaching Hospital of Lahore. To meet the objective of this study we took data from Mayo
Hospital, based on previous five years (from 2006-2010). Data was entered and analyzed through
SPSS version 16 by researcher herself. Quantitative variable like age was presented in form of
mean ± SD with respect to type of cancer and year. The qualitative variable like gender, type of
cancer etc were presented in form of frequency tables and appropriate charts. Chi square analysis
was used to see the association between qualitative attributes. Analysis of variance was used to
see the mean age of different types of carcinomas. Independent sample t-test was used to see the
mean age in different gender. In this study there were total 12096 cancer patients registered at Mayo
hospital Lahore in period of last five years from 2006 to 2010. Out of which, 2305(19.1%),
2182(18.0%), 2293(19.0%), 2315(19.1%) and 3001(24.8%) patients were registered in 2006, 2007,
2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. Out of total 12096 cancer patients, there were 5766(47.87%)
males and 6330(52.13%) females. Of the 12096 patients diagnosed with malignant cancers, nearly
11827 (98.5%) belonged to the province of Punjab and approximately 45 (0.4%) to the NWFP, 111
(0.9%) belonged to Azad Jammu Kashmir, 27 (0.2%) belonged to Karachi and 13 (0.1%)
belonged to Quetta. There were 2988 patients of breast and female genital carcinomas registered, out of which 592 patients were registered in 2006, 487 patients were registered in 2007, 583 were in 2008, 611 in 2009 and 715 were registered in 2010. Registered patients with carcinoma of digestive organs were 2071 in which there were 374 were in 2006, 385 were in 2007, 374 in 2008,418 in 2009 and 520 in 2010. Lymphoid heamatopietic were 1589 in which 293 were from 2006,322 were from 2007,302 were from 2008, 284 were from 2009 and 388 were from 2010.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1370,T] (1).
348.
Descriptive And Therapeutic Trial Of Iron Supplements (Standard Drug And Herbal) In Anemic Pregnant Women
by Maria Ikram | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was carried out in two phases; in first phase descriptive epidemiologic study was done in pregnant females living around district Okara. List of a total 101154 pregnant females was obtained from Health office OKARA. Hemoglobin level of each subject was assessed and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women was observed 42.15%. From village 1141., 88 44%) pregnant women were enrolled, from 25 GD village 74(37%) pregnant women were enrolled and from 36/2L village 38 (19%) pregnant women were enrolled. in phase II, experimental epidemiological study was conducted to compare the efficacy Sharbat- e-Iolad (Treatment groups) with Ascifer (standard group). Sample Size of 200 patients was enrolled with 100 subjects in each group. SPSS 16.0.2 was used for data entry and analysis. Mean ± S.D was used to present the data. Two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to see the effects of treatments in the significance of Hemoglobin levels at different follow ups. Mean age of the mothers in group A was 27.16 ± 4.97 years and in group B it was 26.07 ± 4.78 years. The age range of the patients was 17 to 38 years. Mean Hb level in Group-A was 6.89 & 6.87 in Group-B at base line. Mean Hb level after first follow up (after 3 weeks from base line) in Group-A mean Hb level was 7.34 and in Group-B it was 7.26. After second follow up (after 6 weeks) mean Hb level in Group-A was 8.81 and in Group-B it was 8.50. In both Groups Hb level was significantly improved (p-value = 0.000). I-Ib level was significantly improved in both study groups with equal effects. In future any of the treatment may be used for the treatment of anemia but Sharbt-e-Folad is recommended due to its cheap cost and accessible availability in rural areas.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1371,T] (1).
349.
Epidemiological Trends, Clinical Profile And Risk Factors Associated With Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever In Quetta, Balochistan
by Khushal Khan Kasi | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an important disease in suburbs of Quetta in
particular, and other cities of Balochistan in general. The cases of this disease are brought to the
public hospital for treatment purposes. The study was carried out to understand the descriptive
nature of the disease with respect to geographic, temporal and personal distribution. The second
part of study comprised of cross sectional as well as case-control study for the identification of
different risk factors in patients as compared to their control admitted in the same hospitals. The
highest numbers of CCHF cases were from Quetta i.e. 35, 82 cases were male and 19 cases of
female, small scale sheep and goat farmer has highest number of cases i.e, 59. Mean age for male
patients was 30.82±15.47 years, while for female patients mean age was 29.17±16.40 years with
a p-value= 0.685. Mean platelet count for male and female patients was 450n.29±35934.14 and
35388.89±18081.96 respectively with a p-value= 0.270. Mean Hemogobin level for male and
female patients was 11.52±2.78 and 9.80±3.23 respectively, and with a p-value=O.023. Among
the patients, 5 patients were positive for IgG and IgM antibodies, 9 patients were having A+
blood group, 44 with B+, 16 with 0+, 1 with AB+ and 29 was not reported, 21 patients died and
the remaining patients discharged, and the highest number of cases were between April and
September. A significant association exist between platelet count with respect to cases who
suffered from CCHF (p-value= 0.000), male were 1.157 times more prone to CCHF as compared
to female (OR=1.157), (p-value=0.629) and (CI=0.641-2.089), and animals at home have has
more susceptibility to CCHF cases (OR=3.538), (p-value=O.OOO) and (CI=2.219-5.642).
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350.
Detection Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Prevalent In Dairy Herds Of Punjab, Pakistan
by Humayun Gohar | Dr. Masood rabbani | Dr. Arfan ahmad | Factuly of veterinary science.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Mucosal disease virus (MDV)is a positive senseRNA virus having genome of
approximately 12.3 kb in length and is one of the most insidious and ubiquitous virus of
bovines throughout the world.The presence of persistently infected animals having no clinical
signs, need rapid screening whether they carry infectious agent or not. Now-a-days many
serological procedures and virus isolation techniques are used for diagnosis of bovine viral
diarrhea virus (BVDV) infected animals.BVDV is very difficult, laborious and time consuming
to isolate in cell culture or in laboratory animal. But it can be substituted by antigen capture
ELISA method which is very specific as well as sensitive and easy to perform. Therefore, the
detection of mucosal disease virus (MDV) by Antigen Capture ELISAhas become a sound
alternative to routine tests. Antigen Capture ELISAidentifies BVDV infected animals by
detecting virus in serum and blood samples, etc. The study was organized to detect BVDV in
dairy animals at selected areas Punjab and to evaluate comparative prevalence of BVDV in
cattle and buffaloes.One hundred and eighty four bovine blood samples were collected from
both public and private livestock farms. Blood samples were collected from Military Farms,
Lahore, BRI (Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki), LPRI (Livestock Production Research
Institute, Bahadarnagar, Okara), Government Livestock Farm, Rakh-Ghulamman, Kalurkot and
from private sector,Rizi dairiesChunia, Supreme Farm Multan Road, Lahore and Livestock and
Dairy Products Farm lumber, Lahore. The collected serum samples were screened for detecting
virus through indirect antigen capture ELISA.lt showed that 16.85% cattle and 6.31 % buffalo
were found positive for BVDV.lt was also found that prevalence of BVDV infection was lower
at private farms as compared to Government farms. Lowest prevalence (0%) was found in
Friesian cow, whereas, highest prevalence (50%) was found in Sahiwal cattle. The cross bred
animals were also infected by BVDV infection. Overall prevalence of BVDV infection in
buffalo was lower than cattle population.
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