51.
The Impact Of Community Based Animal Helth Services Delivery System On Epidemiological Parameters And Farmer'S
by Farrukh nazir | Dr. Muhammad athar khan | Dr. Haji ahmad hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: A study was conducted to understand the impact of community based animal health services delivery systems on epidemiological parameters and farmer's economic sustainability in Central Punjab. In Pakistan three systems for the animal health services delivery are being practiced without any data base and conclusive findings for the comparison purposes and in terms of the replication if needed in future, therefore, a study was planned to quantify and compare the three systems. These systems are; community based, public based and conventional based animal health services delivery systems. As the community based system was launched as Halla scheme, in Central Punjab through the German Technical Cooperation program / funding. Therefore, the other two systems i.e. public and conventional based were selected in the areas adjacent to the community based system (Halla Cluster). The project area was selected because of the similar geographical, environmental, socio cultural and political similarities. One cluster of five villages was selected randomly for each system. The data was obtained from each cluster through active disease surveillance and was recorded on a questionnaire. Each questionnaire was used for one farmer. The cluster of five villages was 'considered as one herd. In the 1st project, the clusters were quantified and compared on different parameters, like provision of animal health services, provided from the system to the member farmers. Epidemiological parameters like morbidity and mortality rate were recorded and analyzed statistically. In the 2IId project, the community trials were also conducted to compare the efficacy of prophylactic interventions, for the economically important diseases of buffaloes and cattle i.e. the haemorrhagic septicaemia and foot and mouth disease. The effect of deworming was also recorded with reference to morbidity and mortality. In the third project the sustainability of the farmers residing in the systems were compared in terms of cost benefit ratio. Animal health services were arranged like vaccination, treatment, deworming, artificial insemination and nutrition support. Poor, good and better services were provided in conventional based, community based and public based animal health services delivery systems, respectively. The impact of services on morbidity and mortality was recorded, the minimum morbidity and mortality rate was recorded in the community based system and moderate and maximum morbidity rate, mortality rate, number of outbreaks and fertility rate due to various diseases were recorded in the conventional based animal health service delivery system. The results were statistically analyzed and significant difference at a level 5% was estimated. The efficacy of the vaccination was estimated and it was statistically found that the morbidity and mortality rates were significantly low in the intervention herds of buffaloes and cattle, as compared to non intervention herds. The overall sustainability of the farmer in term of cost benefit ratio was higher in community based as compared to public based and conventional based animal health services delivery system. In conclusion the better the animal health services delivery system, the more prosperous was the farmer. So, it is recommended that the community based animal health service system be promoted and replicated on priority basis. The animal health services are provided by public based service deliverers but they are not of the same quality as were provided by the community based system in Halla Cluster. This is the reason that in spite of all the services provided by the public based system, the morbidity rate and mortality rate due to various infectious and non infectious diseases were higher in buffaloes and cattle as compared to the community based system. In conventional based system neither the community based services nor the public based services were available for the farmers because those areas were remote and far from the public veterinary hospitals. Therefore, the morbidity rate and mortality rate at the highest spectrum of ranking and disease burden/disease load. The magnitude of disease problems was highest in the conventional based, lowest in the community based system and intermediate in the public based system. Better the quality of services are provided the minimal are the losses due to the diseases in the animal populations and in turn better the cost benefit ratio and ultimately the more prosperous is the farmer. The only way of poverty alleviation in the rural communities is to replicate the community based animal health services delivery system (Halla) with certain modifications in the Provinces of Punjab and Sindh in particular and in North West Frontier Province and Balochistan in general
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1147,T] (1).
52.
Epidemiology, Serodiagnosis, Therapy And Control Of Schistosomiasis In Buffloes
by Ghulam Murtaza Arshad | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Pof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Schistosomiasis is one of the major diseases of public health and socio-economic importance in the developing countries of the world. Among human parasitic diseases, Schistosorniasis ranks second to malaria in tern-is of world wide public health risk. Keeping in view the importance of disease, the study was conducted to record the month wise and season wise prevalence of Schistosorniasis in buffaloes in four districts of the Punjab, province ie., Lahore, Sargodha, Kasur and Sheikhupura. The present study comprises of four parts.
Part I: deals with epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. Overall prevalence of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes, different farms of Punjab province indicated that infection was the highest (17%) at Kasur district followed by Sheikhupura (14.83), then Lahore (14.6%) and the lowest (13.66%) at Sargodha. The highest month wise prevalence was recorded during August (25.5%) followed by July where as the lowest during December and January.
Infection in buffaloes was higher in animals over two years of age (1 9%) than animals below two years of age (5%) in all the four districts of Punjab. The prevalence was higher in females (15.98%) than male (9.48%). There is variation in the prevalence as there is difference in the environmental and managemental condition of the area. For the serodiagnosis i.e. ELISA was used, the results indicated that the prevalence was lesser than the faecal examination because this was more specific and sensitive than the faecal examination.
Part 2: deals with the prevalence and ecology of snails. Various species of snails which act as the intermediate host of the Schistosomes were collected from the study area. The e of infection in the snails and role of cercariae in transmission of the disease was studied. A total of 10418 snails were collected of these 13.51 per cent were found to be infected. Among these 2350 were collected from Kasur district with infection rate of 14.51 percent followed, by Sheikhupura 2882 (13.6%) then Sargodha 2709 (13.40%) and the lowest at Lahore 2477 (12.51%). At Kasur district, genus wise prevalence of snails with infection rate indicated that Oncomelonia, indoplanorbis and Bullinus are the predominant genera with infection rate of 31.79, 17.10 and 14.46 percent respectively. However the highest number of the snails collected belonging to the genera Indoplanorbis. At Sheikhupura district, genus wide prevalence of snail indicated that Bullinus, Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis and Physa are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 24.74, 20.57, 14.66 and 13.84 percent respectively. At Sargodha district, genus wise prevalence of snails indicated that Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis, Bullinus and Physa are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 25.09, 14.29, 14.28 and 16.77 percent respectively. At Lahore district, genus wise prevalence of snails indicated that Bullinus Lymnaea, Physa and Indoplanorbis are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 23.37, 18.96, 13.97 and 12.70 percent respectively.While the prevalence at the snail level the Chi square value is 242.944 and the P-Value is 0.0000 1 which is highly significant.
Part 3: deals with the meteorological data ie, temperature, humidity, rainfall and pan evaporation with prevalence of snails and parasites. The temperature and rain fall play very important role in the spread of disease. The ideal temperature ranges form 22-25 °C where development within snail takes place in an efficient manner similarly humidity
f ranges from 55-70% is ideal for the development of the snail and the parasite. Rainfall is very important for the spread of the disease. There is a positive correlation of disease incidence to maximum and minimum temperature, humidity, and rainfall and pan evaporation. It was seen that during summer and autumn, optimum temperature, relative
humidity and rainfall play an important role for rapid propagation of the parasitic life
Part 4: deals with therapeutic trials against Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. A total of 150 animals (140 infected and 10 animals, normal) age ranged 5-9 years and of both sexes naturally infected with Schistosorniasis were used in thirteen controlled experiments. The efficacy of certain indigenous drugs, including Nigella sativa (Kalongi) , Caesalpinia
Crista (Karangwa), Lagenaria siceraria seeds (Kadoo ke Beej), Sausseria lappa (Qushte-e-Shreen) and Praziquanlel was compared with each other and control. Efficacy was quantified by determining the difference of egg per gram faeces (EPG) pre and post treatment. After the single dose of 50, 75 and 100 mg 1kg body weight of Nigella sativa (Kalongi) reduced EPG by 65.85, 68.29 and 71.79 per cent, respectively. After the second dose the respective reduction in EPG was 85.36, 92.68 and 94.87 percent. Caesalpenia crista at three dosage levels i.e.50, 75 and 100 mgI kg body weight caused 46.34, 53.65 and 59.52 percent reduction respectively while the reduction in EPO after second dose was 82.92, 90.24 and 92.85 percent respectively. Lagenaria siceraria Seed at three dosage levels i. e., 50, 100 and 150 mg/ kg body weight caused the reduction in EPG reduction 47.61, 52.63 and 64.10 percent respectively, while after second dose, counts as the reduction 80.95, 86.84 and 92.30 percent respectively. Sausseria lappa at three dosage levels i.e., 100, 150 and 200 mg/ kg body caused EPG reduction as under 50.00, 53.48 and 56.09 percent respectively, while after second dose the reduction in EPG count was 71.42, 81.39 and 85.36 percent respectively. Where as Praziquantel at the dose of 10 mg/body weight caused reduction in EPO 66.66% while after the second dose the reduction in EPG count was 97.43 percent. The efficacy order was Praziquantel, Nigella saliva, Caesalpinia crista, Lagenaria siceraria and Sausseria lappa. No side effects with any drug were noted. All animals showed clinical improvement after the treatment.
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53.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms &Haplotypic Diversity In The Prkabi Gene Of Pakistani Buffalo Breeds
by Ambrin Fatima | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Asif Nadeem | Prof.Abu Saeed Hashmi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: No items available
54.
Bioconversion Of Agriculture Waste To Butyric Acid Through Solid State Fermentation With Clostridium
by Tasleem Akhtar | Dr. Abdu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Ali Raza | Miss Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Butyric acid is widely used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical industries, in pure form to enhance butter-like notes in food flavors or in the form of esters, as aromatic compounds for the production of perfumes, in dairy products, in the manufacture of cellulose acetate butyrate plastics which is used for textile fiber production, in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies, cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases It is produced in the fermentation by microbial flora living in the large intestine of humans and other monogastric animals. The butyric acid production at industry scale is dominated by chemical synthesis as the starting materials derived from crude oil is currently more attractive due to its low production cost and large scale supply. With the decreasing supply of world crude oil, the increasing supply of food industry by-products which can be used for butyric acid production and the increasing consumer demand for organic natural products in food additives, pharmaceutical products, and preservatives, the production of butyric acid through microbial fermentation has generated again a favorable business.
The production of butyric acid was carried out by anaerobic solid state fermentation by C. tyrobutyricum culturing on wheat bran, rice polishing, molasses and corn steep liquor was used as additives.Before its production the proximate analysis of wheat bran, rice polishings, and molasses was carried out to know their inherent nutritional potential. The fermented organism Clostridium tyrobutyricum was isolated from rumen liquor of fistulated buffalo bull .Growth media employed to culture C. tyrobutyricum for the production of butyric acid have been developed. The optimizing conditions of growth medium such ionic concentration of growth medium, source of nitrogen ,substrate to water ratio ,fermentation period and carbon-nitrogen ratio in the medium, for maximum butyric acid production was determined on micro scale at 37°C .Detection and estimation of butyric acid carried out by organic analysis method. This method is based on the catalytic oxidation of butyric acid into diacetic acid, which gives red coloration with sodium nitroprusside. The optimum conditions for the production of butyric acid thus determined on micro scale was applied on higher scale in 7 litre capacity frementer.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1169,T] (1).
55.
Estimation Of Heavy Metals In The Drinking Water Of Residential/Industrial Areas Of Lahore By Atomic Absorption
by Waheed Ahmad | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Sualeha | Miss Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Heavy metals are chemical elements with a specific gravity that is at least 5 times the specific gravity of water. The elements studied were mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium. Heavy metals have no useful biological function in the body but might be highly toxic as they cause precipitation of proteins especially the enzymes. This investigation was therefore carried out to estimate concentration of these metals and their influence on biological system. For this purpose drinking water samples were collected in one litre polyethylene bottles adding 5 mL of concentrated HNO3 as preservative to adjust the PH<2.00 to maintain heavy metal concentrations during analysis. Samples were marked with unique numbers with dates for the study of Acid Extractable metals. Similarly samples were prepared and preserved for micro biological testing.
The metallic ions were estimated by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer of Perking Elmer Model A. Analyst; 2003 at recommended wavelengths for metal ion. Acetylene gas was used as fuel (at 8 psi) and air as an oxidizer.
Statistical analysis was done. The calibration curves were prepared separately for all the metals by running suitable concentrations of the standard solutions. It was evident that concentration of chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium were high in several drinking water sources in Lahore. This problem is particularly alarming for ground water sources. Almost all water sources are contaminated with lead. According to WHO maximum acceptable limit 10 ppb ,8 water sources had mean chromium concentration in water samples above maximum acceptable limit of WHO (50 ppb), 94 water samples were contaminated with cadmium according to WHO maximum acceptable limit (10 ppb), 13 water sources had arsenic concentration above maximum acceptable limit according to WHO (50 ppb) where as 7 water samples were having concentration of arsenic less than minimum acceptable limit according to WHO (10 ppb) and only 5 water sources meet the criteria of WHO for concentration of mercury, the acceptable limit of 2 ppb.
Multitube Fermentation Technique/MPN Method as described by Mackie & McCartney was used for microbiological analysis i.e. Colifcrm bacteria. The results of this study revealed that both samples i.e. tap and ground water do not show conformity with the standards for safe portable water recommended by WHO. The most frequently encountered pathogen in this study was Escherichia Coli which was isolated more in ground water than tap water.
It is therefore concluded that by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer concentration of heavy metals in water can be determined and thus on the bases of this work precautionary measures can be taken to prevent the health hazards of these toxic metals. Similarly microbiological analysis of drinking water has provided the evidence that most of the water sources are contaminated with microbes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1170,T] (1).
56.
Dna Fingerprinting Of Pakistani Buffalo Breeds (Nili-Ravi, Kundi) Using Microsatellite And Cytochrome B Gene
by Rashid Saif | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Mr. Asif | Prof. Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Customarily, classification of breed was based on phenotypic traits. In some cases, recent genetic studies have found differences in the structure proposed. In buffalo ,one has to bear in mind that morphological changes were not the result of adaptation to the environment, but have a social significance thus may not be indicative of the genetic relationship. In recent years microsatellites have proved to be very useful for the determination of genetic relationship among population. Comparative studies beiween microsatellite and protein markers have highlighted the advantages of the former.
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) holds tremendous potential in livestock sector in many Asian countries, particularly in Pakistan but the genetic data of different buffalo breeds like Nili-Ravi and Kundi is lacking, which need to be established for their genetic identification. Blood samples of unrelated true representative of both breeds (Nili-Ravi and Kundi) were collected from different government livestock farms in Punjab and Sindh respectively. DNA was extracted by inorganic method and amplification of the mitochondrial Cytb gene and microsatellite was done with especially designed primers in Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory at Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Cytochrome b gene markers have been proved as an efficient and powerful tool for breed characterization and species identification of buffaloes. Several panels of microsatellite markers have also been reported for this purpose. In this study, a panel of nine microsatellite markers has highly Polymorphism Information Content (PlC) were selected, Specific primers were designed for these microsatellite and Cytb gene partial amplification using primer3 software. Then primers were optimized for successful amplification with minimum reagent concentration. PCRs were performed for amplification of these microsatellite and Cytb markers on each sample, Genotyping and sequencing was conducted on all amplicons to find out the different SNP to design haplotypes with the help of bioinformatics software e.g. Blast 2sequence and Chrornas Lite, Further statistical analysis was done by the help of some other software e.g. Popgene version 1.31, Power Stat., Genetic diversity, Allele frequencies, observed and expected homozygosity and heterozygosity, Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, F-Statistics and Gene Flow for all Loci, population's dendogram, Nei's genetic identity and genetic distance! diversity was calculated. The results obtained from this study can contribute to the establishment of routine DNA typing services, beneficial for the buffalo industry as well as in animal forensics for litigation and expedite the police investigation services in Pakistan, which will also be useful for breed characterization and phylogenetic study of aforementioned breeds of buffalo.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1183,T] (1).
57.
Production, Purification And Concentration Of Rabbit Anti Goat I&G Antibodies
by Yasir Ashrif | Dr. Abdu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Ali Raza | Ms. Faiza Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Antibodies are not only important in medical research but these are also important in treatment. In this study, the production, purification and concentration of polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against goat IgG immunoglobulins in rabbits was carried out. Partial purification of goat IgG obtained at 33 % ammonium sulphate saturation was 2.43 mg/mL. It was followed by Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose ion exchange chromatography which gave purified fraction of IgG. Then it was concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and now the IgG concentration was found 3.17 mg/mL. After purification, different doses of IgG in combination with adjuvant were injected into nine, 8 months old rabbits. After immunization of rabbits, the blood samples were collected and antigoat IgG was purified as described above, this rabbit antigoat IgG concentration after purification was found 3.26 mg/mL. Production of these anti-IgG antibodies were tested by agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and radial immunoassay. The titer of AGPT with goat and rabbit serum was 256 and the titer with IgG was 32. The purity of IgG was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), by obtaining 50 KDa bands of IgG heavy chains and 25 KDa bands of light chains. However, this purified rabbit anti-goat IgG when conjugated with horse radish peroxidase can serve to diagnose various microbial infections of goat through ELISA.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1197,T] (1).
58.
To Study Influence Of Butyric Acid On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Asiya Akbar | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss Shagufta Saeed | Prof.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry have been on the earth for over 150 million years, dating back to the original wild jungle fowl. Poultry provide humans with companionship, food and fiber in the form of eggs, meat and feathers. There is a large commercial chicken industry that provides us with eggs and meat. Because poultry products are in demand around the world and because chickens and other poultry can be reared in almost any part of the world, a renewed interest in poultry projects for schools, 4-H groups and in the home has developed. The butyric acid is an excellent growth promoter as it is an efficient nutrient for the intestinal mucosa increasing the density and length of villi, enlarging the adsorption surface of the intestine. It is also known as antibacterial agent against pathogenic microorganisms including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Brachyspira etc. and as modulator of the intestinal flora supporting useful microorganisms such as lactobacilli.
Rice polishings was used as a substrate for the production of butyric acid and corn steep liquor as additive. Solid state anaerobic fermentation process was used for butyric acid production through C. tyrobutyricum according to the predetermined optimized conditions. Estimation of butyric acid was carried out by organic analysis method by Deniges (1918).This method is based on the catalytic oxidation of butyric acid into diacetic acid ,which gives red coloration with sodium nitroprusside. Effect of butyric acid on the performance of Broiler chicks was studied by conducting feeding trial on 132 day old broiler chicks purchased from commercial hatchery and was randomly subdivided into 12 units, 11 chicks each. Four diets "A", "B", "C" and "D" (table) were constructed whose composition is as follow. "A" diet was served as control, while the "B", "C" and "D" diets were supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6 % butyric acid respectively. These diets were randomly assigned to the above chicks for a period of 42 days as feeding trial. The performance of birds was monitored in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency and dressing percentage.
From the results obtained it is concluded that O.4 % butyric acid gave maximum gain in weight, feed efficiency ratio and dressing percentage. Hence it can be stated profoundly that the ration containing 0.4 % butyric acid has stimulated the gastric secretions which ultimately had improved the performance of broiler chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1251,T] (1).
59.
Decolorization Of Effluents From Textile Dyes By Fungi
by Ghulam Rasool Anjum | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr.Ali Raza | Mr.Zahid Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: Dissertation note: Textile sector is one of the large exporting and the most important industrial sector of Pakistan. It accounts about 64% of the total export from our country. At present there are 650 textile processing units working in Pakistan. Textile industries consume large amount of water for wet processing of textile. Out of many contaminants present in wastewater, such as acids, bases, toxic organic and inorganic dissolved solids, and colors, Colors are considered the most undesirable and are mainly caused by dyes which are used in textile dying industry. The objective of the study was to decolorize the cotton industry waste water effluents by treatment with microorganisms like Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus flavus, an extent to make it least harmful to water habitats and also to make it fit for irrigation purposes. The influencing parameters that affect the percentage of decolorization rates are optimized in still culture fermentation. Spectrophotometric analysis method was used to estimate decolorization of textile industry effluent at its ?max (350nm). The optimal values of the parameters such as effluent to water ratio, fermentation time, pH, and carbon to nitrogen ratio are found to be 1:0, 72 hours, 4.0, and 1: 2.33 for Trichoderma harzianum and 1:1, 72 hours, 5.0, and 1: 2.33 for Aspergillus flavus respectively. The concentration of different ions like Ca+2, Mg+2 and H2PO4-1 were also optimized for maximum decolorization and the optimized conc. were 0.025%, 0.025% and 0.025% for Trichoderma harzianum and 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.05% for Aspergillus flavus respectively. The maximum percentage of decolorization at the optimized conditions on large scale was found to be 83.31% and 80.02 % with Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus flavus respectively.
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60.
Production Of Methane Gas From Effluent Of A.B Murie By Methanobacterium Ruminantium
by Huma Shabbir | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss Saeeda | Miss Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There is extreme shortage of energy in our country. Homes, private sectors and industries are suffering a lot due to this shortage. There are different sources of energy like fossil fuels which include coal, petroleum and natural gas etc. Apart from it there are number of renewable sources but fact is that all these sources are getting diminished because of excessive use due to growing population of the world. In order to increase energy in our country it is imperative to utilize the industrial waste. At present a lot of industrial effluent is being wasted which can be used for the production of fuel in the form of methane gas.
The production of methane was carried out by anaerobic fermentation by Methanobacterium ruminantium culturing on Effluent of A.B Murie. Before its production the proximate analysis of effluent was carried out to know its inherent nutritional potential. The fermented organism Methanobacterium ruminantium was isolated from feces of buffalo bull. The optimizing conditions of growth medium such as temperature, pH, ionic concentration of growth medium (Ca+2, Mg+2) and Carbon-Nitrogen ratio in the medium, for maximum methane production was determined on micro scale.
Detection and estimation of methane was carried out by burning and by measuring pressure on pressure gauge. The optimum conditions thus determined on micro scale was applied on higher scale in a 3 liter flask. The pressure of methane gas obtained was 1.3 psi.
It is therefore concluded that effluent of A.B Murie contain sufficient potential of methane production. The methane thus produced can be used as a fuel and light source for their own use.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1285,T] (1).
61.
Git Helminthiasis Indigenous And Commercial Layers In District Quetta.Balouchistan
by Rizwan ullah hashmi | Dr. Khalid saeed | Dr. kamran ashraf | Dr. muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The study was conducted to identify and compare the extent of gastrointestinal helminths in indigenous poultry and commercial layers. For this purpose, 200 gut samples (100 each from indigenous and commercial layers) were collected from different sources of Quetta district. All the material was brought to disease investigation lab, Quetta, for detailed postmortem and coprological examination.
The overall incidence of nematodes in indigenous chickens and commercial layers was 87% and 08% respectively. Three species of nematodes were recovered from both indigenous chickens and commercial layers. Ascaridia galli was the most common specie of nematodes recovered from small intestine while Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti were isolated from the caeca of the sampled birds. The incidence of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti was 75%, 25% and 16% in indigenous chickens and 06%, 04% and 03% in commercial layers respectively.
The overall incidence of cestodes was lower than those of the nematodes. It was found to be 78% in indigenous chickens and 05% in commercial layers respectively.
Five species of cestodes recorded from the gastrointestinal tract of indigenous chicken and were Raillietina tetragona (60%), Raillietina echinobothrida (21%), Raillietina cesticillus (14%), Cotugnia digonopora (29%) and Choanotaenia infundibulum (13%). On the other hand, following two species of cestodes were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of commercial layers and included Raillietina tetragona (04%), and Choanotaenia infundibulum (02%).
Older birds have higher prevalence as compared with younger birds in indigenous and commercial layers. Slightly higher infection rates were recorded in females (51.7%) as compared with males (48.2%). On coprological examination, a greater proportion of birds were found infected with various helminthes and infection rate in indigenous birds was 66% as compared with commercial layers which was 3%.
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62.
Detoxification Potential Of Yeast Sludhe Ahainst Ochratoxin In Broiler Chicks
by Huma Mujahid | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Miss Asma Waris.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Ochratoxin the fungal secondary metabolite is a potent natural contaminant of poultry feed. Mycotoxins present in poultry feeds from the raw material used in their production is the major cause of toxic feed. The intake of very low levels of Ochratoxin-A result in overt ochratoxicosis resulting in impairment of immune system and acquired resistance to infections causing health problems which lead to economic losses in the form of reduced productivity The research study was conducted to study the harmful effects of Ochratoxin on broiler chicks and the adsorptive potential of yeast sludge against Ochratoxin in broiler chicks .
Aspergillus ochraceus was grown on Sabraud's Dextrose Agar and ochratoxin was produced on fermented wheat grains .One fifty day old Chicks of broiler breed were purchased from Big birds hatchery and were raised on commercial broiler diet till 7 days.
Four diets A,B,C and D were formulated A diet serve as control, B diet contained OTA 500ppb, C diet contained OTA 500ppb and 1% Yeast sludge and D diet contained OTA 500ppb and 2% Yeast sludge. These four diets were assigned randomly to the chicks, such that there were three replicates on each ration and each replicate contained 10 chicks. Vaccination against N.D and IBD was performed according to the schedule. During feeding trial weight gain , feed consumed, FCR and mortality rate was determined.
Group B (500ppb OTA) showed a decrease in weight gain and feed consumption as compared to group A (control diet) , C (1% yeast sludge and 500ppb OTA) and D (2% yeast sludge and 500ppb ochratoxin). Group D showed more improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and FCR as compared to group C.
Blood serum and tissue samples were collected from the birds slaughtered at the end of experimental trial. Concentration of serum total protein, albumin and activity of alanine transaminase were determined. Blood Serum levels of total protein and albumin were lower in the group B (500ppb OTA) than group D having 2 % yeast sludge but the group C fed on 1% yeast sludge did not show much improvement in those parameters. Activity of ALT was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in group C as compared to all other groups. Whereas blood serum ALT activity of the birds fed on ration B was significantly high (P< 0.05) as compared to blood serum ALT of group A
The Level of Ochratoxin in Liver and Kidneys was also determined and it was found to be highest in Group B (500ppb OTA) and lowest in Group D (500ppb OTA + 2% yeast sludge).
Based upon the observations obtained in this study it can be concluded that ochratoxin-A is a nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic agent. But supplementation of 2% yeast sludge in the broiler diet can effectively detoxify the effects of ochratoxin as compared to supplementation of 1% yeast sludge in the chicks diet.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1313,T] (1).
63.
Antibacterial Activity Of Indihenous Hernal Exteacts Ahainst Urease Profucinh Bacreria
by Rubina Yasmeen | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Miss Shagufra Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry farming is a profitable business but is facing serious ammonia environment particularly during winter season when ventilation frequency is reduced to maintain the shed's temperature. Urease producing bacteria in droppings are main cause of emitting ammonia in the sheds. The ammonia poultry environment is inducing reduced weight gain, immuno-suppression, enhanced susceptibility to respiratory pathogens, etc. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of 14 local herbs (Aloe Vera, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Calotropis procera, Cannabis sativa, Carum capticum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lantana camara, Mangifera indica, Mentha piperita, Nigella sativa, Opuntia ficus indica, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinalis) and four commercial herbal products (Mentofin, Suduri, Safi, Yucca) were evaluated for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis by serial dilution method. It was observed that with reference to rise in pH, Ammonia concentration and urease activity in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Allium sativum (pH: 8.5560, 8.8480, Ammonia:4.42, 3.52 µg/mL, Urease: 0.009, 0.007 U/mL respectively) had shown best results as compared to control positive (pH: 9.03, Ammonia: 6.7µg/mL, Urease: 0.013 U/mL). Alcoholic extracts of Mangifera indica (8.8820, 5.42µg/mL, 0.010 IU/mL), Mentha piperita (8.8880, 4µg/mL, 0.008 U/mL) Carum capticum (8.9540, 4.84µg/mL, 0.009 U/mL) and aqueous extract of Opuntia ficus indica (8.8100, 5.22µg/mL, 0.010 U/mL) had weak activity against P. mirabilis. Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (pH: 8.91, 8.96, Ammonia: 5.16, 5.06 µg/mL, Urease: 0.01, 0.01 U/mL) has weak inhibitory effect. All commercial products had shown strong antibacterial activity (pH: 4.8-6.8, Ammonia: 0µg/mL, Urease: 0 U/mL). Results of remaining herbal extracts were not significantly different (p<0.05) from positive control. It was concluded that all herbal products had strong antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis. Mentofin had shown best results with optimum inhibitory concentration (1/1000 mL). Alcoholic extracts of few herbs had shown weak bactericidal activity. These herbs might give better results in-vivo.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1314,T] (1).
64.
Isolation And Characterization Of Collagen Type Ii From Poultry Trachea
by Sidra Ashraf | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Sualeha Riffat | Zahid Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This project was designed to use poultry waste to isolate and characterize collagen type II
from its trachea. Collagen type II is being used along with condroitin sulfate and
glucosamine for the treatment of osteoarthritis and is also available as a neutraceutical
product in the market. For project purpose, trachea of slaughtered broiler birds were
collected from the market and after removing adhering tissue and debris, it was then
washed thoroughly first with distilled water and then with deionized water. Tracheal
cartilage was then cut into small pieces and defattened with chloroform: methanol (2: 1
v/v) solution. After this, the cut pieces were properly cleaned with deionized water. 0.5%
Pepsin solution in 0.5 M acetic acid was prepared. Cartilage was then hydrolyzed by the
already prepared 0.5 % pepsin (in 0.5 M acetic acid) at 4 ° C for 48 hours. The extract
was then separated from the tracheal pieces and the viscous solution obtained was
centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 hr at 4 "c. Now the collagen was expected to be in the
supernatant which was salted out by adding NaCI to a final concentration of 2.5M and
kept for almost 12-16 hrs. This collagen was again centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 hr at
4 C. The obtained collagen pallet was redissolved in 0.5 M acetic acid and then it was
dialyzed against 0.1 M acetic acid followed by dialysis with distilled water. The sample
after dialysis was put in petri dishes and kept in freezer for overnight to let it be prepared for
lyophilization. The frozen collagen sample was then lyophilized. After lyophilization, the sample
gave an appearance of a white mesh. This sample was reconstituted in PBS with pH 8 to run it on
SDS-PAGE. The procedure of SDS-PAGE in non reducing conditions was adopted for the
characterization of collagen type II in the sample. The description of results of SDS-PAGE is given
below:
Lane M contains protein markers of different molecular weight. Lane 1, 2 and 3 contains
samples at different steps of the whole procedure showing clear bands of collagen type II.
Lane 4 contains lyophilized sample of collagen type II showing the thickest band (alpha
chain of collagen type II). In this research, poultry waste has been used for making health improving
product. As in our country poultry is used in bulk quantity so if its waste might be used in any
medicinal product then it might not only be useful but also economical for such a developing country
as ours. Another thing is that as this collagen Type II has been extracted from poultry trachea, it
shows that tracheal cartilage is a rich source of such collagen type. Collagen Type II is used in the
cure of arthritis especially rheumatoid arthritis so through this research, it has been made clear that
poultry waste can be utilized in a positive way in medicinal industry and also that collagen Type II
acts as an effective neutraceutical.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1330,T] (1).
65.
Preparation Of Turnip Peroxidases And Its Application To Remove The Phenolic Content Of Sannerty Effluent
by Muhammad Usman Amin | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss. Faiza Masood | Mr. Tanveer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Peroxidases are heme-containing oxidizing enzymes, which are wide spread in nature. They have the ability to catalyze the oxidation of many organic and inorganic electron donor substrates through a reaction with hydrogen peroxide or organic hydrogen peroxides. In this study peroxidase were purified from turnip using ammonium sulphate precipitation, poly ethylene glycol precipitation and zinc sulphate precipitations in order to find some simple and less expensive procedure for partial purification of peroxidases. Ammonium sulphate and PEG (6000) in the presence and absence of NaCl were used to make aqueous two phase system. Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) without NaCl purified enzyme most efficiently. (NH4)2SO4 layer was subjected to dialysis and for further purification on sephadex gel which gave maximum enzyme activity of 1544u/mg protein. SD-PAGE analysis was done to determine enzyme purity. Purified enzyme was charged into the tannery waste water along with H2O2 to remove toxic phenolic content up to 98.24%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1356,T] (1).
66.
Production And Characterization Of Hemicellulaase Activities From Aspergillus Flavus
by Hamna Qayyum | Ms.Faiza Masood | Dr. Abu saeed hashmi | Mr. Tanveer.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The study was conducted with objective of optimized xylanase using local raw materials from indigenous isolate of Apergillus jlavus.
The fungus was grown on different carbon sources including wheat bran, rice polishing for the production of xylanase enzyme. All four fungi produced xylanase activity in the medium containing wheat bran and rice polishing (1%) at pH 7.0 for 4 days. Maximum activity (14.3U/mL) was depicted by A. jlavus3 in medium with wheat bran. On the basis of better xylanase production A. jlavus3 was selected for further production and characterization of enzyme studies. The highest xylanase activity was achieved in cultivation with wheat bran (lS.8U/mL).
A slightly higher quantity of xylanase was produced by the strain in wheat bran-supplemented medium (18.5 U/mL) followed by rice polishing (17.9 U/mL) when 3% carbon sources were used. The effect of supplementation of different source of nitrogen on xylanase activity by A. flavus was studied with 3 % carbon source. Of all the nitrogen sources investigated, yeast extract (organic source) was the most promising and the corresponding xylanase production was 19.9 UlmL (wheat bran) and 18.3 U/mL (rice polishing). Com step liquior was used to enhance the activity of xylanase which was approx. 10 % higher than that of control medium lacking com step liquior. The highest level of xylanase activity as well as extracellular protein using wheat bran was reported .Maximum xylanase production occurred at pH 5.5 and activities of enzyme were obtained at temperature 30°C for A. jlavus.
The enzyme was purified by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme activity was characterized on different temperatures and pH ranges.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1385,T] (1).
67.
Alayisis Of Sodium Channel Subunit Beta-1 ( Scnib ) Mutations Involved In Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures
by Salma siddique | Dr.Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Abu saeed hashmi | Dr. Atif Hanif.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Epilepsy is, one of the most common disorders of the brain, a common neurological
condition defined by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy affects 50 million
people worldwide, including one in every 200 children. Febrile Seizures (FS) are not
thought of as a true epileptic disease but rather as a special syndrome characterized by its provoking factor (high grade fever) and a typical range of 6 months to 6 years. The
patients with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus (GEFS+) show febrile
seizures initially, lasting beyond 6 years of age, and afebrile seizures occur with multiple
types, mainly with generalized seizures but sometimes with focal seizures. Studies have
shown that genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of GEFS+ and other types of epilepsy. Mutations in a number of genes have been identified that leads to the various types of epilepsy. Sodium channel subunit beta-l (SCN1B) was the first gene identified to be associated with febrile seizures. However, very little work has been done on SCNl B gene in epilepsy patients, especially in Pakistan. The present study was
conducted to understand the comprehensive role of SCN1B gene in GEFS+ patients.
Blood samples of unrelated true representative of generalized epilepsy with febrile
seizures plus were collected from psychiatry and preventive pediatrics departments of
various hospitals of Lahore. DNA was extracted and amplified with specially designed
primers and sequencing of the peR products was also done. Analysis of the sequences
and SNPs/mutations was done with the help of appropriate bioinformatics softwares. In
the present study, polymorphism analysis of human SCNIB gene isolated from healthy
and diseased Pakistani individuals (suffering from neurological disorder, GEFs+) have
been investigated for genetic association. Novel mutation IVS2-1 G> T in splice acceptor
site of exon 3 have also been identified from Pakistani GEFS+ patients. This mutation
was absent in the healthy (control) sample. This is first report of gene characterization
and polymorphism of Human SCNI B gene from Pakistan. Likewise, in the last 15 years,
several mutations in the genes have been identified which were associated with GEFs+.
In addition to detecting new mutations and identifying new genes, further studies are
required to elucidate the particular role of furtive mutations, genetic milieu, environment,
or random events on the individual's phenotype. This study has opened a new avenue in
medical sciences in Pakistan, which will help the scientists to work on genetic disease
following the methodologies used in this study. The outcome of this study can further be
used to confirm the hypotheses through animal modeling and proteomics. The mutation
found in this study may add the information in gene databanks, which ultimately help the
scientist to develop the gene therapies for genetic diseases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1388,T] (1).
68.
Srudy Of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor Delta Subnuit Gene Mutations Involved In Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+) Patients in Punjab
by Iram Javed | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Asif Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: World health organization (WHO) reports that neurological disorders affect one billion people worldwide, including 50 million affected by epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, periodic, spontaneous and unprovoked seizures. Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus (GEFS+) is an autosomal dominant disorder and a heterogeneous familial condition in which family members express febrile seizures initially, and then show multiple phenotypes of myoclonic epilepsy including partial or absence seizures and generalized tonic conic seizures. Molecular genetics techniques have identified various GEFS+ associated mutations in many genes i.e. sodium channel genes (SCN2A, SCN1A, and SCN1B) and some GABA receptor genes (GABRG2 and GABRD). GABAA receptors are the principal intermediaries of fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the eNS and have been frequently reported to playa significant role in a number of seizures. GABRD gene encodes the delta (8) subunit and is usually located in extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. The present study was aimed to investigate coding regions of GABRD gene for analyzing the mutations involved in epilepsy. Blood samples of unrelated true representative ofGEFS+ were collected from psychiatry departments of different hospitals of Lahore. DNA were extracted with the standard protocol and amplifications of the GABRD regions were done with specially designed primers. Later on, sequencing of target fragments was carried out. Sequences were analyzed through BioEdit software and then aligned with the help of custalW2 software. Out of 14 GEFS+ patients, only 3 were identified with a novel heterozygous transition mutation in intron 5. Further study, with much larger sample number, is required to revise the effects of this polymorphism and accurately identifying the associated factors. There is a need to explore the other gene mutations causing epilepsy in local population of Punjab and Pakistan that will ultimately help to develop genetic counseling strategies, gene therapies and prenatal diagnostic procedures for the population of Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1394,T] (1).
69.
Effect Of Date Palm Pollen On The Plasma And Intra-Testicular Testosterone Levels Of Male Albino Rats
by Yasir Arfat | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Ali Raza.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Considerable evidence exists for the efficacy and safety of short courses of low
dose testosterone therapy for treating infertility and delayed puberty. This treatment is
associated with high levels of patient satisfaction. There is not yet sufficient evidence for
the routine use of other therapies. Experimentally, date extract had been shown to
increase sperm count and increase stimulating concentration of testosterone count in
guinea pigs and to enhance spermatogenesis, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH) in rats. Intratesticular testosterone (ITT) is thought to play a
key role in the control of spermatogenesis but is rarely measured.
The present study is therefore designed to examine the effect of date palm pollen
(DPP) (Phoenix dactylifera) on the plasma and intra-testicular testosterone levels using
male albino rat as an experimental animal with the hope that the result of this study may
pave the way for treating male infertility and delayed puberty.
Adult male albino rats were divided into two groups (control and experimental).
Experimental group were given date palm pollen (DPP) suspension in a single oral dose
of 120 mg/kg of body weight for 35 days. Where as the control were given equal amount
of distilled water. Blood samples of control and experimental groups were taken for
measurement of serum testosterone levels at day 0, 12, 24 and finally at day 36.Aanimals
were sacrificed. Testes were removed for gross and biological studies. Intra-testicular
testosterone levels were measured at the end of experimental studies.
There were no statistically significant differences in the variable of control group.
Experimental group who received DPP suspension for 35 days showed statistically significant increase in body weight, weight of paired testes, serum and intra- testicular testosterone levels as compared to control group.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1411,T] (1).
70.
Paternal Lineage Analysis In Sahiwal, Cholistani And Dajal Breeds Of Cattle Through Sry And Zfy Genes Analysis.
by Anwar Saeed | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Asif Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Livestock sector plays a vital role in the economy of Pakistan. Main contribution of milk comes from buffaloes and cattle. Cattle are the major elements of livestock in the country and possess great importance for economy in the form of milk and meat production. Cholistani, Sahiwal and Dajal are the major cattle breeds of Pakistan.
Conventional classification of breeds was based on phenotypic traits. In some cases, recent genetic studies have found differences in the structure proposed. In cattle ,one has to bear in mind that morphological changes were not the result of adaptation to the environment, but have a social significance thus may not be indicative of the genetic relationship. In recent years Y chromosomal genes have proved to be very useful for the determination of genetic relationship among population. Comparative studies have highlighted the advantages of the SRY and ZFY genes of Y chromosome. These genes have been considered as competent and powerful tool for the purpose of breed characterization and species identification of cattle.
Blood samples from true representative animals of each of the three cattle breeds (Cholistani, Sahiwal and Dajal) were collected from different Government livestock farms and their respective home tracts in Punjab. DNA was extracted by inorganic method and amplification of the SRY and ZFY (exon 5) genes of Y chromosome was done with especially designed primers using Primer3 software in Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory at Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Specific primers are designed for these genes amplification. Then primers were optimized for successful amplification with minimum reagent concentration. PCR was 58
performed for amplification of SRY and ZFY (exon 5) genes on each sample. Sequencing was conducted on amplicons to find out the different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to make haplotypes with the help of bioinformatics software like Blast 2sequence and Neighbor Joining phylogenetic tree was constructed by using MEGA version 5. The results obtained from this study now can contribute to the establishment of routine DNA typing service to the advantages of the cattle in livestock industry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1459,T] (1).
71.
Production, Purification And Characterization Of Xylanase Enzyme From Mutant Aspergillus Flavus Strain
by Rukhsana Tahir | Miss. Faiza Masood | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1506,T] (1).
72.
Bioconversion Of Wheatbran To Glucose By Gluoamylase From Aspergillus Fumigatus
by Hassan Ali | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Asif Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Background:
Glucose is produced by hydrolysis of starch. Many crops like maize, rice and wheat can be used as the source of starch. Wheat bran is an agricultural waste byproduct which can be converted to glucose using glucoamylase. Wheat bran is very cheap source for carbohydrates. It is mainly composed of carbohydrates; hemicelluloses, cellulose and starch. Glucoamylase is an enzyme that yields glucose from the nonreducing chain of amylose and amylopectin by hydrolyzing ? -1,3, ?-1, 4 and ?-1,6 linkages of starch. Glucoamylases are produced by plants, animals and microorganism. Microbes, including bacteria, yeast and fungi are major source for the production of glucoamylases. Aspergillus fumigatus is found in soil and in decaying organic matter and it has an essential role in carbon and nitrogen recycling.
Hypothesis: A. fumgiatus might be a good source for the production of glucoamylase through submerged fermentation conditions.
Parameters/Methodlogy: Aspergillus fumigatus was identified macro and microscopically. Enzyme production was measured by DNS method. The effects of different sources of carbon, phosphorous and nitrogen on glucoamylase production were also examined. In order to get the optimum production of glucoamylase, the effect of temperature, pH and incubation period was analysed separately.
Methodology: Initially the A. fumigatus was isolated and conditions were optimized for the growth and production of glucoamylase. Production of enzyme was examined by DNS method. The effects of various carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous sources were examined on the production of glucoamylase. From the present study it was concluded that maximum production of glucoamylase can be obtained from A. fumigatus using wheat bran as the substrate at pH of 4.8, temperature of 40oC with an incubation time of three days.The use of wheat bran as substrate wheat bran for the production of glucoamylase will reduce the cost for the production of glucoamylase.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1509,T] (1).
73.
Bioconversion Of Agriculture Waste To Lysine With Brevibacterium Flavum (Wild) And Its Biological Evaluation In Broiler Chicks
by Amber Nawab | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Masroor | Ms. Asma Waris.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1511,T] (1).
74.
Association Of Myogenic Factor 5 (Myf5) Gene Polymophism With Meat Quantity And Quality Traits In Sahiwal
by Faiza Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Atif Hanif.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Pakistan has a large population of farm animals, which are consuming for many purposes. Livestock is the major source of money for any country. Livestock is the major machines and factories which convert roughage (grasses and shrubs etc.) into quality food i.e. Meat and milk.
The Myf5 gene is a member of basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors which is involved in the regulation of myogenesis. Its main role in muscle growth, development, proliferation, muscle fibers formation and muscle functioning makes it a candidate gene for molecular marker of meat production in livestock.
Myf5 gene in cattle has been mapped to chromosome 5 and has a length of 3236 bp (Gen Bank accession no. NC-007303). It consists of three exons and two introns. Exons have the lengths of 659, 76 and 1245bp. Role of Myf5 gene in muscle development and growth makes it a candidate gene for meat production in farm animals. In this study association of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene polymorphism with meat quality and quantity traits in Sahiwal cattle was checked out.
In this study blood samples were collected from Sahiwal cattle breeds and DNA was extracted from leukocytes. DNA amplification was done by PCR. Then sequencing of amplified gene was done by Genetic Sequencer.
Allele frequencies and genotype frequencies were statistically analyzed by using SNPator software. The relationship between SNP marker genotypes of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene with meat quality and quantity traits was evaluated by using SNPator software. This study will be a helpful tool for marker assisted selection of beef cattle.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1561,T] (1).
75.
Bioconversion Of Industrial Wastes To 6-Aminopencillanic Acid With Escherichia Coli.
by Hasan Javed | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: 6-aminopenicillanic acid is ?-lactam nucleus produced by penicillin acylaseupon hydrolysis of penicillin. 6-APA is main component of semi-synthetic penicillins. Penicillin acylase is most valuable enzyme and is produced by many microbes such as Escherichia coli. Different media and method were used for the isolation, identification an characterization of E. coli. Total 30 strains of E. coli were isolated from fecal matter of equine species and tested for the penicillin acylase activity. About 13 isolates gave the enzyme activity.
For the production of cell mass, different low cost media was used to cut down the price of production. Corn steep liquor, molasses, milk whey and wheat bran was tested for the growth of E. coli. These industrial wastes can minimize the production cost of 6-APA which has a high demand for the production of semi-synthetic penicillins. Corn steep liquor showed better growth of E. coli and can be used as the cheap source of carbon and nitrogen.Phenylacetic acid was also used in the growth medium and it was used as the inducer for enzyme. Without phenylacetic acid in medium, enzyme production decreases.
Corn steep liquor is the best sources for production of cells which is 0.520 mg mL-1 Molasses also better for fermentation and highest value is 0.336 mg mL-1. Milk whey media needs further studies for the better production of cells with using different concentrations.it gave best production 0.112 mg mL-1 Wheat bran is not proper source for cell production and does no showed E. Coli growth. All the strains showed growth in corn steep liquor, milk whey and molasses but not in wheat bran. Among all the strains horse sample (Ho-9) showed better cell production in all the media used.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1571,T] (1).
76.
Bioconversion Of Whey To Beta-Galactosidase By Aspergillus Niger
by Muhammad Tayyab Younas | Ms. Huma Mujahid | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Ms. Sehrish.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Beta-galactosidase (lactase) has catalytic property to hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose. It is extensively used for the synthesis of milk made products through fermentation. Food rich in lactose have variety of application in industrial and environmental processes.
In present study production, purification andcharacterization of ?-galactosidase synthesized by Aspergillus niger has been considered as a great challenge. Beta-glactosidase is an important enzyme involved in conversion of lactose into glucose and galactose and produced on industrial scale for its large applications in the field of health, and food. The production of beta-galactosidase was carried out from fungal culture of Aspergillus niger using whey as a substrate. Optimization of different physical parameters such as temperature, pH, addition of corn steep liquor and production, purification and characterization of beta galactosidase enzyme from Aspergillus niger were studied. Optimum concentration of whey (4mL) were found 13.42 IU/mL and activity of beta galactosidase was found maximum at 72 h of incubation period and further incubation period decline the activity.Optimum pH (13.50 IU/mL)and temperature (17.67 IU/mL) were found 5.5 and 40°C respectively. Addition of corn steep liquor was enhanced the activity of beta galactosidase. Maximum activity was found with 0.6% of corn steep liquor which was 19.4IU/mLas compare to the other nitrogen sources. Finally, addition of ammonium sulphate ?-galactosidase was purified. ?-galactosidase was characterized considering ortho-Nitrophenyl-?-galactoside (ONPG) and whey as a substrate The purified beta-galactosidase was confirmed by SDS PAGE analysis which has molecular weight of 74kDa. The study could also establish that whey could effectively be utilized for ?- galactosidase production thus alleviating water pollution problems caused due to its disposal into the water streams.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1387,T] (1).
77.
Identification Of Pesticide Residues In Different Vegetable Collected From Market Of Lahore, Pakistan.
by Anam Munawar | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pesticides are the chemicals which are used to kill or repel the unwanted objects such as pests. Different types of pesticides are present which undergo a different mechanism and kill the pests. Four different types are being used in Pakistan such as organophosphate, organochlorine, pyrehtroid and carbamates. Use of organophosphate and organochlorine become less due the presence of residues. Use of pesticides is increased for a number of purposes such as to increase the rate of production, to decrease the damage of crops and to increase the saving time of different vegetables.
Vegetables are the main source of income of Pakistan, and vegetables are common in our use. Vegetables contain different nutritional elements of our diets. That's why vegetables play an important role in the nutritious diet of a person. The spray of different chemicals on vegetables not only decreases the nutritional elements but also increase the risk of different diseases.
As pesticides leave their residues in vegetables, different techniques can be used to detect the residues and their maximum residue limit, at which limit these pesticides are harmful for humans. Pesticides can also act on unintended individual such as human beings and cause different acute and chronic diseases.
Different vegetables were selected for analyses that are common in use and available in every season. Pesticides which were selected are that which are common in Pakistan and from different pesticide classes.
In present study vegetables of different areas of Lahore were collected and analyzed through HPTLC and GC/MS. HPTLC was used to analyze and calculate the concentration and GC/MS was used for the confirmation of results, and it was concluded that which vegetable contain the high concentration of pesticides. It was studied that which vegetable absorb large amount of pesticides. Potato, tomato, egg plant, okra and cucumber of different markets of Lahore contain high concentration of pesticides as compared to the other vegetables.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1510,T] (1).
78.
Suitability Of In-House Developed Pt-Pcr Fro The Detection And Serotyping Of Dengue Virus In Pakistan
by Kashif Iqbal Sahibzada | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Asma Waris.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Dengue Virus (DENV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of family Flaviviridae having four serological different serotypes such as DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4 (Bai et al., 2008) Being a Flaviviridae member, the dengue virus is transmitted to human by genus Aedes, mainly Aedes agypti. Over the years dengue fever has become a significant infectious disease in different parts of the world that leads and increases the growth of mosquitoes. It has become epidemic in more than 100 countries on the globe with more than 2.5 billion people at the risk of infection. Pakistan has witnessed some severe outbreaks of dengue viral infection which results to major morbidity and mortality since mid of 90s. There is a need to overcome this infectious and in many cases fatal disease. Imprecise fatality morbidity and statistics underrate the magnitude of dengue as a regional health problem. Medical and public health services have been incapable to diminish this infection since there is no current vaccine available to prevent infectious disease, no effective medical treatments that avert the development of severe symptoms and no sustainable control measures against the vector that guarantee protection of affected communities.
Management of dengue patients and principally dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) cases are the alarming challenges now a day and in the upcoming episodes in this country. To deal with this challenge a sensitive and specific technique is required for its early diagnosis along with the knowledge of dengue serotype to increase the specificity of diagnosis and treatment. This study was designed to check the usefulness of nucleic acid based molecular determination of dengue virus along with nucleic acid sequencing/ analysis of different Dengue serotypes through phylogenetic studies.
Total 50 Blood samples were collected from the dengue suspected patients in 2011 outbreak of dengue. Samples were analyzed by PCR based detection and were compared with IgG, IgM detections to check the usefulness of PCR based nucleic acid detection. In second phase of study nucleic acid sequencing was done
The study has recommended PCR as a suitable and sensitive method for the rapid detection of dengue virus as it was found more sensitive than other utilized techniques including antibodies detection however it was not found useful to differentiate between primary and secondary infection for which a combination of IgG, IgM is more helpful choice. Nucleic acid analysis helped to define the common serotypes/genotypes of dengue virus circulating in Pakistan. In addition the present study has correlated our studied serotypes to other serotypes circulating in the globe which showed 98% homology with Srilankan strain and find out sequence similarities of our serotypes to the other serotypes distributed worldwide through phylogenetic analysis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1551,T] (1).
79.
Biochemical Identification Of Various Causes Of Anemia In Females From District Pakpattan
by Hafiz. Muhammad Toqeer | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Mr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Anemia is estimated to be affecting almost 600 millions people all over the globe and is regarded as deficiency in Hemoglobin concentration. The decreased amount of hemoglobin in blood could not been able to fulfill the oxygen demand of tissues in body. Keeping in view the above situation, a study was planned to investigate the various types of anemia in dist. Pakpattan.
One hundred blood samples were collected from females randomly selected from various parts of district Pakpattan. The samples were divided into two groups on the basis of age. Group A contains the patients with age between 14 to 26 years where as Group B consist of patients with age 27 to 40 years. Samples were processed in-order to estimate Complete Blood Count, serum iron level, serum ferritin levels, vitamin B12 assay and HPLC based estimation of various variants of hemoglobin.
The results demonstrated that 62% of the total female population of dist. Pakpattan was found to be anemic. Among Group A, 66.66% were anemic due to iron deficiency and 33.33% were due to chronic disease. Group B contained 59.09% anemic, out of these patients, 57.69% were anemic due to iron deficiency, 38.46% due to chronic disease and 2.27% due to deficiency of Vitamin B12. Iron deficiency was found to be the major cause of anemia that is followed by anemia due to chronic disease and Vitamin B12 deficiency. The intensity of anemia was 5% higher in young age females (Group A) as compared to the elder age females (Group B).
This work provided the information about the prevalence of various types of anemia in the population of dist. Pakpattan. The data will be helpful for developing strategy for the control of anemia in future. Further study with a large number of samples, is required throughout the country for the establishment of a data base that will be a good step to control various types of anemia.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1611,T] (1).
80.
Decolorization And Degradation Of Azo Dyes In Textile Effluent By Candida Tropicalis
by Urooj Chaudhry | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Ms. Asma Waris.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Azo dyes are synthetic organic compounds widely used in the textile, paper, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industries. It consist of one or more azo bonds (-N=N-) associated with one or more aromatic systems. Studies indicate that these dyes are toxic, harmful to the environment and form carcinogenic and/or mutagenic aromatic amines. These are not readily biodegradable in textile effluent treatment.
To decolorize and degrade the textile industry dye effluents by treatment with microorganism Candida tropicalis (yeast) to an extent to make it least harmful to the water habitat and also to make fit for irrigation purposes. The influencing parameters that affect the percentage of decolorization rates are optimized in still culture fermentation. Spectrophotometric analysis method was used to estimate decolorization of textile effluent at its?max 390 nm. The optimal values of parameters such as effluent to water ratio, fermentation time and pH and carbon to nitrogen ratio are found to be 1:5, 72 hours, 6.0and 1:1.72 respectively. The concentration of ionic saltof CaCl2 was also optimized for maximum decolorizationand optimized concentration was 0.15% for Candida tropicalisrespectively. The decolorization of effluent was carried out on large scale in a flask of 2.5 L by applying the predetermined optimum levels. In this case the maximum percent of decolorization of the effluent was found to 80.34% with Candida tropicalis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1629,T] (1).
81.
Molecular Study Of Apolipoprotein E Gene In Hypercholesterolemic Families
by Nasir Ali | Mr. Akhtar Ali | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Asif Nadeem.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1630,T] (1).
82.
Lysine Production On Pilot Scale By Brevibacterium Flavum And Its Characterization, Purification And Crystallization
by Muhammad Faisal | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | DR. Aftab | Mrs. Shagufta Saeed.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Food and feed protein demands have increased due to raise in population. Therefore continuous efforts have been progressed to enhance the production rate by conventional and non conventional methods. Fermentation technology have participated decisive role for a long time period and presently the amino acids formed by fermentation set apart principal biotechnology products significantly. By consuming low-cost carbon supply mutants originate potential to the inexpensive built-up for amino acids. L-lysine demand is steadily rising in the sector of feed stuffs, soft drinks, food ingredients, pharmacy and biological fluids, etc. In order to meet the market demand and accomplish growing and assorted L-lysine requirements, microbial metabolic engineering and recombinant DNA technology is the only hope and possibility for advancing the strains. Purification and isolation of material produced is a very significant element extremely influences fermentation practice usefulness and manufacturing expenses. It demands enhancement in the recycling procedure of amino acids, mainly L-lysine.
The present study was designed to produce lysine on pilot scale by using Brevibacterium flavum. A variety of agricultural byproducts like wheat bran, sugar cane molasses and rice polishing were utilized as substrate for lysine production through fermentation by using Brevibacterium flavum. Primarily optimum conditions were determined through fermentation for lysine production on micro scale. Subsequently these conditions were employed for biosynthesis of lysine on pilot scale. Qualitative assay of lysine was performed by TLC and quantitative assay by spectrophotometrically. It was found that amongst all the substrates 4% molasses was produced maximum lysine at 300C. Different inorganic and organic material like 0.4% CaCO3, O.4% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.1% NaCl, 0.8% KH2PO4, 2.5 % (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 % urea, 0.04 mg % biotin and 0.6 % corn steep liquor were found to be optimal for maximum lysine yield. After pilot scale production of lysine in fermentor, different techniques of downstream were applied. The biomass liquor thus produced was purified and crystallized through different techniques to transform in to L-lysine crystals. The information thus attained was subjected to statistical analysis by using one way ANOVA on optimization of different parameters for L-lysine production and comparison of mean values was done by Least Significant Difference (LSD).
Based on the above observations it was concluded that molasses is the most suitable substrate among other agriculture wastes for maximum lysine production with Brevibacterium flavum.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1631,T] (1).
83.
Isolation, Purification And Characterization Of Xylanase From Aspergillus Flavus (Wild Stin) Using Agriculture Waste as Substrate
by Hadia Rehman | Ms. Asma Waris | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1634,T] (1).
84.
Identification Of Polymorphisms In 6Th & 7Th Exons Of "Parkin Gene" And Their Relationship With Parkinson'S Disease.
by Sadaf Niaz | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aif Nadeem.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1638,T] (1).
85.
Identification Of Pesticides Residues In Defferent Samples Of Milk
by Neelam Shahzadi | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1646,T] (1).
86.
Biosafety Studies Of Transgenic Sugarcane Developed By Camb
by Rizwan Abid | Miss Asma Waris | Dr Abu saeed hashmi | Miss Maryam.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: GM crops confer multiple number of benefits yet it is required to evaluate these crops from every aspect in terms of toxicity, allergenicity or if they cause any immune response. Through brisk improvement in biotech field, a number of transgenic crops have come into prominence and permitted by regulatory authorities for farming and commercialization globally. The potential risk assessment associated with transgenes effect on non-target organisms is of great concern.
The present work was carried out to study the effect of Herbicidal resistant EPSPS protein on animals. For this purpose 40 rabbits were selected i.e., Albino red eye (Newzealand breed). Rabbits are mammals and herbivores and have 95% sequence homology and similar cellular and enzymatic functions like human. Several physical, molecular, histological and biochemical analysis had confirmed the safety of EPSPS protein on non target animals.
The first goal was risk assessment of EPSPS (glyphosate tolerant gene) on rabbits. A total number of forty (40) rabbits of approximately 5-7 weeks old were selected at the start of experiment. These rabbits were placed in 4 groups with comparable body weights, i.e. A, B, C, and D respectively having 10 animals in each group. The 4 groups of animals consisted of purely control diet group (A), non transgenic diet group (B), the 33% transgenic sugarcane diet group (C) and the 40% transgenic sugarcane diet group (D). The groups were fed their particular diets for 90 days. Weight data of each group was recorded after intervals of seven days which showed no difference between these four groups. The weight and growth of all the rabbits increased with the passage of time. Molecular analyses i.e. SDS-PAGE and PCR was also confirmed the absence of EPSPS in blood and urine samples. Furthermore, histological studies gave no evident difference in cellular architecture of transgenic and non transgenic fed rabbits. Finally biochemical tests i.e., Blood urine nitrogen, Alanine transferase, Aspartate transferase, Creatinine, BUN and Cholesterol were observed. Physiological changes of organs were not confirmed in experimental groups when compared to control.
Present studies will help in successful deployment and commercial release of genetically modified sugarcane in Pakistan. Data will also be helpful in evaluating more biosafety concerns about transgenic plants and their potential impact on animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1701,T] (1).
87.
Comparison Of Locally Available Synthetic And Non-Synthetic Powders For Latent Fingerprint Development
by Arman Khan | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Wasi.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1718,T] (1).
88.
Estimation Of Caffeine In Decaffeinated Coffee And Tea Available In Pakistan
by Muhammad Abbas Sadiq | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Ms. Sehrish.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1719,T] (1).
89.
Extraction, Purificaton And Characterization Of Proteolytic Enzyme From Fig (Ficus Carica)/ Karachi
by Haseeb Akram Sindhu | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Faiza Masood.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Today, the enzymes are generally used in various industrial applications and require for more stable, highly active and specific enzymes are growing rapidly. Global market for industrial enzymes is reported to be €1 billion in 1995 (Godfrey and West, 1996) whereas, it was increased to $2.3 billion in 2007 and was expected to increase to over $2.7 billion by 2012.
In this piece of research work, purification and characterization of papain (a proteolytic enzyme) from Kachri (Cucumis trigonus) and Ficus (Ficus carica) were carried out. Extraction of papain was done using 0.1M alkaline phosphate buffer of pH 8.00, 70% ethanol and dist.water. Purification of papain was carried out by Ammonium Sulphate precipitation and dialysis followed by Gel filtration by Sephadex G-50. Then characterization of papain such as protein estimation, determination of proteolytic activity (international Unit) of enzyme and SDS-PAGE analysis were performed to determined molecular weight. Finally, the yield and proteolytic activity of papain was measured and compared with the commercial product available in the market.
Crude preparation of enzyme has a wide specificity due to the presence of various proteinase and peptidase isozymes. The performance of the enzyme depends on the plant source, the climatic conditions for growth, and the methods used in its extraction and purification, for example, if the fruit is healthy, then enzyme found is more active.
Papain is used in many industries such as breweries, pharmaceuticals, food, leather, cosmatics, detergents, meat and fish processing for a variety of processes. Therefore, the end use segments are many in signifying that papain has high export demand (Ezekiel and Florence, 2012).
Outcomes
In case, Kachri and Ficus contain high concentration of proteolytic enzyme. These enzymes being present in natural fruit were free from any toxic effect. Hence can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Statistical analysis
Student's t-Test was used for comparing the means of two samples Kachri (Cucumis trigonus) and Ficus (Ficus carica).
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90.
Estimation Of Cyanide In Different Speciis Of Apple Seed
by Zohra Bhatti | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Ali Raza.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1748,T] (1).
91.
Method Development And Estimation Of P-Phenylenediamine In Biological Sample.
by Muhammad Adnan Jamil | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Ms. Sehrish | Faculyt of Biosciences.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1754,T] (1).
92.
Toxicity Problems Associated With Declofenac In Avaian Species And Its Substitute
by Muhammad Ramzan | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Talat.
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A catastrophic decline in vulture populations was first observed in 1996-97 in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. Later, similar situations were reported in many south Asian countries including Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. Now, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed three vulture species i.e. Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus and Gyps tenuirostris as 'critically endangered'.
Vultures are natural scavengers and play a key role in keeping the environment clean by consuming carcasses of dead livestock and wildlife. The unconsumed animal carcasses pose a serious threat to both human and animal health because decaying animal carcasses may contaminate groundwater and become a potential source of diseases such as tuberculosis and anthrax for humans and other animals. Also, due to the declines in vulture populations, a rise in the numbers of other scavengers like dogs has been observed. Therefore, the risk of dog bite and transmission of dangerous diseases, including rabies, has also increased. Furthermore, vultures play a vital role in the disposal of human corpses of the followers of the Parsi religion because they place their dead bodies before vultures for disposal rather burial beneath the earth.
In the South Asian region, different communities have different attitudes toward the use of meat and its products. For example, Muslims do not use meat of dead animals, whereas Hindus abstain from cow's meat altogether because of religious bindings. For many centuries, the disposal of such meat has been done by vultures.
The vulture population decline issue was investigated by researchers with the support of various international organizations dedicated to bird conservation in collaboration with regional ornithological societies. Scientists looked into the problem from different angles and considered a variety of reasons of this decline. These included food shortages, losses of habitat, persecution, human disturbances, infectious agents, environmental contaminants, intentional poisoning, and accidental poisoning through food or water. Initially, the outbreak of some infectious disease and/or poisoning appeared to be the most plausible basis of this crisis. Recent studies have ruled out presence of a widespread infection and have focused on some form of poisoning. Now, it is believed that diclofenac, a veterinary drug, was responsible for the huge fatalities in vultures, in part because the onset of the crisis was coincident with the introduction of this drug in veterinary practice.
Diclofenac belongs to a class of drugs called, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Diclofenac served as an effective analgesic (pain killer), antipyretic (reduces fever), and anti-inflammatory (reduces swelling) drug. Initially, this drug was used in human beings for various indications such as arthritis. The use of diclofenac was started in domestic animals in the region a decade ago. It was reported that the presence of diclofenac in the bodies of dead animals that had been treated with this drug shortly before death was harming the vultures feeding on contaminated carcasses (Oaks et al., 2004; Shultz et al., 2004; Swan et al., 2005).
The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, has been given the task to investigate this problem. A series of experiments was conducted to study the likely causes of this problem and, if possible, find its solution by developing safer and efficacious alternatives to diclofenac for the treatment of animals. For this purpose, a chicken experimental model was developed to study the toxicity of diclofenac and other NSAIDs. These studies have shown that diclofenac produced similar toxic effects and mortalities in broiler chickens as had been reported from studies of diclofenac-poisoned vultures. Later on, therapeutic efficacy studies of safer alternative NSAIDs of diclofenac were conducted in horses, buffaloes.
On the basis of these current studies, it was concluded that diclofenac was toxic to chickens and no significant difference was present in the death rates in bird groups treated with toxic doses of diclofenac via oral and intramuscular routes. Sodium and potassium salts of diclofenac caused comparable casualties in broiler chickens (unpublished study). A number of other NSAIDs were screened for their toxicity profile using the chicken model. This study showed that phenylbutazone, dipyrone, meloxicam, piroxicam and ketoprofen were comparatively safer than diclofenac. However, phenylbutazone and dipyrone may not be appropriate alternatives for diclofenac in food-producing animals because they are known to cause a condition called agranulocytosis in human and animals. Agranulocytosis involves marked reductions in numbers of white blood cells that are responsible for maintaining the body's immunity against various diseases.
To evaluate the efficacy of safer drugs, fever was induced in buffalo calves with Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), and the animals were then treated them with ketoprofen, meloxicam orpiroxicam. Although, all three drugs were effective in lowering body temperature, ketoprofen was the most efficient. In another experiment, these drugs were used in the treatment of lameness in horses, and it was concluded that meloxicam was more effective followed by piroxicam and ketoprofen for the treatment of this particular problem.
Based on these observations, it is concluded that ketoprofen, meloxicam and piroxicam may prove quite safe drugs for the scavenging birds and may be used as safe alternatives to diclofenac in veterinary practice. It has been observed during this study that ketoprofen, piroxicam, and meloxicam are less toxic for broiler chickens and may prove better alternates to be used in place of diclofenac in animals. The use of these NSAIDs may be less toxic for scavenger birds. The commercial preparations of ketoprofen and meloxicam for veterinary use are available at least in two south-east Asian countries i.e. Pakistan and India. The prices of these NSAIDs are comparable with those of the veterinary preparations of diclofenac which were previously available in the region. On the basis of results of this study it is concluded that ketoprofen, piroxicam, and meloxicam are effective NSAIDs in domestic animals, hence may replace diclofenac in veterinary practice.
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93.
Genetic Effect Of B-1, 4 Galactosyltransferase-I Gene Polymorphism On Milk Quality In Nili Ravi Buffalo
by Aamir Sohail | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Mr. Akhtar Ali.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1820,T] (1).
94.
Effect Of Orally Adminisrered B-Gulcan From Different Sourves On Lipid Profile Of Hypercholestrolemic Rata
by Fatima razzaq | Miss.Faiza masood | Dr. Abu saeed hashmi | Dr.Aftab ahmad.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1874,T] (1).
95.
Biologigal Biochemical And Histopathological Responses Of Rats Fed With Detoxified Jatropha Curcas Seed Meal
by Sunnia Sharif | Ms. Faiza masood | Dr. Abu saeed hashmi | Dr. Asif nadeem.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2063,T] (1).
96.
Effect Of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides On Serum Lipid Profile In Female Rata Fed On Hypercholesterolemic Diet
by Arooj Hashmi | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Prof.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2091,T] (1).
97.
Bioconversion Of Agricultural Wastes To Lysine And Its Biological Evaluation In Broiler Chicks
by Shagufta Irshad | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Ali Raza | Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2100,T] (1).
98.
Biochemical Effects Of Ginger And Turmeric Extracts In Diabetic And Dyslipidemic Model Of Rats
by Naveed Hussain | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. M. Wasin | Mrs. Shagufta Saeed.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2101,T] (1).
99.
Biochemical And Histopathologica; Evaluation Of Detoxification Of Ochratoxin A By Lactic Acid Bacteria In Broiler Chickens
by Tanzila Wazir | Miss Huma Mujahid | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss. Maryam.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2102,T] (1).
100.
Biochemical Evaluation Of Armoracia Rusticana And Raphanus Sativus On Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
by Nadia Rana (2012-VA-540) | Ms. Asma Waris | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad Wasim.
Material type: ; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia in which the body does not produce or properly utilize insulin. It the reason of interruption in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and caused the complications such as nephropathy, microangiopathy and retinopathy. It is the most widespread endocrine disorder, affects more than 176 million people worldwide (WHO 2004).
Diabetes mellitus is generally classified into three types; type I, type II diabetics and gestational diabetes (Velho and Foguel, 2002). Type I diabetes mellitus is commonly occur among young people, it is also known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Type I is the result of absolute deficiency of insulin that is commonly caused by the chronic autoimmune disease that results from complex interaction of both genetic and environmental factors (Pietropolo 2001). Type II diabetes mellitus is mostly occur in adults aged 40 years or above, it is commonly known as non-insulin diabetes mellitus characterized by too much hepatic glucose production, reduced insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreas, and peripheral tissues such as muscle adipose and liver become resistant to insulin (Ahmad 2006).
Association of hyperglycemia with long term damage, dysfunction as well as ultimate organs failure, mainly the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidney and nerves has previously been recognized (Hung et al. 2005).
Dyslipidemia is another main reason of mortality and morbidity that results in development of cardiovascular complications (Reasner 2008). It is a main risk factor of diabetes and mostly result from prolonged hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in both (type I and type II) diabetic patients is called ‘diabetic dyslipidemia’ (Mooradian 2009). Hyperlipidemia and an increase in blood cholesterol and triglyceride are results from decrease in lipolysis which is caused by deficiency of insulin, eventually increases the risk of heart attack and atherosclerosis (Avramoglu et al. 2006). The risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, ulceration and gangrene of extremities is increased with association of diabetes mellitus (Rotshteyn and Zito, 2004).
According to current statistics, diabetes mellitus is worse or greater in developing countries than the developed countries worldwide (Oputa 2002). So there is a great need to discover, design and test new drugs having dual therapeutic properties to control and cure both closely related critical diseases, diabetes and dyslipidemia and their mutually linked chronic complications (Bhandari et al. 2002).
In order to design and develop the drugs for the treatment, one of the best strategies is experimental animal models to understand pathophysiology of any disease (Rees and Alcolado, 2008; Chatzigeorgiou et al. 2009). For studying and testing anti-hyperglycemic agent, several animal models have been developed for the past few decades (Srinivasan and Ramarao, 2007). Chemical induction of experimental diabetes by alloxan is one of the most effective methods (Etuk 2010).
Alloxan is a widely used diabetogenic agent that induced the type I diabetes in animals but it also represent the end stage type II diabetes milletus: as there is severe deficiency of insulin in plasma, the end stage type II diabetes mellitus also adopts the characteristics of T1DM (Viana et al. 2004). Alloxan exerts its action by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with cytosolic calcium raised in islet B of pancreas, when administered parenterally (Szkudelski 2001). Diabetic dyslipidemia is also acquired by the untreated alloxan induced diabetic animals (Alnoory et al. 2013).
Currently herbal remedies are in great demand due to side effects associated with therapeutic synthetic drugs (Mahmood et al. 2011). There are large numbers of plants that have shown effective hypoglycemic activity after laboratory testing, more than 1200 plants species are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus worldwide (Eddouks et al. 2005).
It is believed that antioxidants present in the diet help to reduce certain diseases, vegetables are rich in these compounds (Astley 2003; Bazzano et al. 2002). There are large number of herbs, spices and other plant materials that have shown hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties, and are less harmful than synthetic drugs (Eidi et al. 2006). For the development of new pharmaceutical lead along with dietary supplement to already existing therapies, medicinal plants provide a valuable source of oral hypoglycemic compounds (Bailey and Day, 1989).
Raphanus sativus (radish) belong to the family Brassicaceae and it is an edible root vegetable (Lewis-Jones et al. 1982). Radishes contain high quantity of calcium, magnesium potassium, copper, ascorbic acid, folic acid, vitamin B6, and riboflavin and low amount of saturated fat and are very low Cholesterol (Nunes et al. 2011). Roots, seeds and leaves are the different parts of radishes (Raphanus sativus) that are used for medicinal purposes (Nadkarni et al. 1976). Radish roots are beneficial to protect the cell membranes against lipid peroxidation and also inhibit the changes in membrane caused by fat rich diet (Sipos et al. 2002).
Radishes (Raphanus sativus) have good hypoglycemic potential coupled with antidiabetic efficiency (Shukla et al. 2011). Due to hyperlipidemia the probabilities of cardiovascular disease increases in diabetic patient. Raphanus sativus (radish) is a traditional plant which is used to lower plasma lipid. It has the capability to lower the plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipids in normal rats (Taniguchi et al. 2006).
Radishes are recommended as an alternative treatment for various diseases including hyperlipidemia, coronary heart diseases and cancer due to its high medicinal and nutritional value (Cetin et al. 2010). Phosphatase, catalase, sucrase, amylase, alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvic carboxylase are the main enzymes that found in the radish roots (Singh et al. 2013). It is beneficially used in curing poor digestion and liver dysfunction (Lugasi et al. 2005), antioxidant activities (Wang et al. 2010), anti tumorigenic (Kim et al. 2011), anti-diabetic (Shukla et al. 2010). The leaves of radish are good source of protein (Singh and Singh, 2013).
Armoracia rusticana (Horseradish) belongs to the Brassicaceae family; it is a hardy perennial plant, mustard and cabbage are also including in this family. The roots of horseradish are rich in vitamin C and B1, iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium, phytoncide and essential oils; Allyl isothiocyanate a (volatile aglycone) which is released by a glycoside is identical with the essence of mustard plant (Istudor 1998). Root of horseradish smells pungent due to the allyl sulfide, a substance present in garlic and onion.
Armoracia rusticana is a source of many compounds that have been broadly studied for various health benefits (Lin et al. 2000). It contains several substances that have beneficial effects on peripheral blood flow. Its utilization normalizes the blood pressure and prevents the risk of thrombosis and sulfurous substances also improve the elasticity of cerebral and coronary blood vessels (Cirimbei et al. 2013). It has antibacterial properties due to allyl isothiocyanate present in volatile oils, especially mustard oil (Rosemary 1976).
The main component of the horseradish and the other vegetables from Brasicaceae family is sinigrin, degraded by the myrosinase enzyme complex to the allyl isothiocyanate (Wang et al. 2010). The enzyme horseradish peroxidase, is a heme-containing enzyme found in the plant that utilizes hydrogen peroxide to oxidise a extensive variety of organic and inorganic compounds, widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry (Bladha and Olssonb, 2011).
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