1.
Factors Affecting Haemagglutination Activity Of Newcastle Disease Virus
by Monem Rizvi, Syed | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Mian Mubasher Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: While standardizing various components of haemagglutination (HA) test optimum results were obtained using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as a diluent, 0.5 per cent red blood cells suspended in PBS as indicator, and by incubating the microtitration plates at 4C. While best Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI) titers were obtained by using 4 HA Units of antigen and 60 minutes incubation period (time given for antigen-serum reaction). The HI test did not detect maternal antibodies in the serum of birds after 4 week of age. Initial vaccination of chicks at 7 days of age followed by a booster dose at 21 days of age, elicited a good immune response and protected the broilers against virulent NDV challenge at 49 days of age. Administration of a single dose of NDV vaccine at 7 day of age or three NDV vaccine doses, one for priming at 7 days of age, second for first boosting at 21 days of age and third as a second booster dose at 35 days of age were not recommended, as in first case the immunity was short lived and in second case birds were exposed to unnecessary stress.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0353,T] (1).
2.
Sero-Epidemiological Study Of Brucellosis And Leptospirosis In Cattle And Buffaloes
by Arshad, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Mohammad Naeem | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Serum samples were coil collected from 400 buffaloes & 400 cattle maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute Bahadurr.aqar Okara The serum samples were subjected to serological test to detect the presence of antibodies against brucellae and leptospirae..
An over all 7.75 percent animals were found to harbour the antibrucella antibodies. The incidence by R8PT was 5.75 percent & 6,5 percent in cattle and buffaloes respectively whereas 7.0 percent and 8.5 percent samples were found positive to brucellae in cattle and buffaloes respectively by SAT.
The incidence of leptospirosis in cattle and buffaloes was recorded to he 9.75 percent and 10.0 percent respectively with an over all incidence of 9.38 percent.
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3.
Effects Of Clopidol And Lasalocid (Avatec) (Coccidiostats) On The Immunity Of Broiler Chicks Vaccinated
by Umer Farooq, M | Dr. Syed Ata-ur-Rehman Rizvi | Dr. Khalid | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The birds that received Avatec at recommended dosage levels had higher body weight than the Clopidol medicated, Cyclophosphamide treated or untreated control birds.
Both Avatec and Clopidol treatments did not adversely affect the weights of bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver of birds. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life resulted in.bursal atrophy and slight depression of splenic weight gain.
Avatec and Clopidol were immuno-stimulants and birds eating medicated rations had higher antibody titres as compared to control birds. The NDV vaccinated birds on Avatec and Clopidol medicated rations and those on non-medicated rations resisted challenge with a virulent ND virus, while the non-vaccinated birds of any treatment group and vaccine free control could not withstand this challenge.
Conclusions
This study indicated that Clopidol and Avatec, when used at recommended dosage levels (25 gm of Premix/50 kg of feed and 6.25 gm of pure drugl5O kg of feed respectively) did not interfere with the development of birds; did not have any adverse effects on weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, liver; did not interfere with the development of humoral immunity in vaccinated birds. Their medication in feed rather produced beneficial effects on serum, weight gain and antibody production. The injection of Cyclophosphamide resulted in lower body weights, destruction of the bursa of Fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccination against NDV, and very high post-challenge mortality.
The weight gain studies indicated that vaccinated and non- vaccinated birds on Clopidol and Avatec medicated feeds had non- significantly higher body weights that those on non-medicated ration at 56 days of age. Avatec at recommended dosage level, had more beneficial effects on the body weights than the Clopidol. These studies further indicated that vaccinated birds kept on Avatec medicated feed had significantly higher serum antibody titres on day 56 than the vaccinated non-medicated control birds.
From the results of this study it is concluded that Avatec and Clopidol are not immuno-suppressive drugs when used at recommended dosage levels. They rather have beneficial effects on growth performance and immune response of birds. However, there is a need for further investigations.
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4.
Effects Of Live Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Vaccine On Broiler Chicks
by Mumtaz Baig, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This study indicated that live Mycoplasma gallisepticurn vaccine when administered to the chickens vaccinated with Newcastle vaccination had immunosuppressive effects.
Live Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine partially interfered with the development of serum antibodies against NDV in vaccinated chickens. However, when live MG vaccine is done alone in the chickens it gives good serum antibody titres. rube injection to baby chicks on first 4 consecutive post hatching days with cyclophosphaniide resulted in lower body weights, poor FCR, destruction of the bursa of fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccinations against MG and ND.
The weight gain and FCR studies. indicated that the birds which were vaccinated either against live MG or NDV had significantly higher body weights and FCR values than those vaccinated both against MG and NDV.
These studies further indicate that the birds vaccinated against live MG and ND had significantly lower serum antibody titres on day 48 than the birds which were vaccinated against either live MG or NDV.
From the results of this study it was concluded that F-strain MG vaccination effective the growth performance and feed conversion efficacy of broiler chicks. The live MG vaccination also interfered in the development of immune response (antibody titers) against Newcastle disease virus.
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5.
Yolk And Serum: Detection Of Antibodies To Various Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains Of Chickens
by Nadeem Ibrahim, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: A total of 1318 blood samples and 290 egg samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to various strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV). For this purpose broiler breeder, commercial layer, and layer breeder farms located in various geographical regions of the provinces of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province (NWFP) were visited, and flock histories in terms of production performances, growth patterns arid IB disease prevalence, were recorded) Attempts were made to sample only those farms which had experienced high morbidity, low production and mortality in the past growing or laying flocks housed at such farms. Samples from acute phase of illness and convalescent period were collected where ever possible. It was observed that there was a general trend to house and rear multiple age groups at the same time, the poultry farms were located at a very close distances from each other and were either not following any proper vaccination programmes or were not using any IBV vaccines. The seroprevalence of 1BV antibodies in unvaccinated flocks was more in areas where poultry farms were located in clusters or had developed into poultry estates In case of commercial layers, layer breeder and broiler breeder birds their misshapen and normal eggs were also collected for detection of antibodies to various strains/types of IBV. The serum and egg-yolk samples were analyzed using haernagglutination and haemagglutination-inhibition tests.This study indicated the presence of antibodies to various AIBV types such as Massachusettes-41 (M41), D-274 and D-1466. It was further observed that the breeder and commercial flocks which did not receive any killed or live IBV vaccination had significant levels of humoral and yolk antibodies indicating that various types of IBV were circulating in the poultry flocks in various areas of the Punjab and NWFP. The flocks indicating low egg production and quality; respiratory distress, and poor feed conversion ratios did suffer from the attack of some IBV strain(s) as they also had quite significant levels of humoral/yolk IBV antibodies)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0477,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Maternal Antibodies On Antigenic Response Of Broiler Birds To Infectious Bursal Disease (228-E strain) Virus Vaccine
by Sajid Afzal, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Atta-ur Rehman Rizvi | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the effect of maternal antibodies on the antigenic response of birds to infectious bursal disease virus (288-E strain) vaccine and to study the duration of maternal antibody against IBDV in broiler. A total of one hundred forty chicks were randomly divided into eight groups i.e. A, B, C, 1), E, F, G and H. All the birds in groups A, B, C, U, E and F were vaccinated against IBDV. The birds in groups 0 and H were unvaccinated controls. However, the groups were IBDV vaccinated according to different schedules.
The presence of IBDV maternal antibodies was tested through agar gel precipitation test, and the maternal antibodies to IBDV were observable upto day 14 of the life of chicks.
All the IBDV vaccinated birds exhibited immune response to the vaccine and their response was detectable through AGPT. Antibodies were detectable on 7th day post vaccination and the responses increased upto 14th day post vaccination. The antibody titres were at peak in all the groups between 28th to 35th day of age.
These findings indicate that maternal antibody waned away between second and third week of life. The mean±standard error values of groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H on day 35, were 28.33±8.56, 41.66±12.99, 43.33±11.70, 31.66±13.21, 41.66±12.56, 45.0±14.29, 26.66±11.94 and 26.66±11.94, respectively. The serologic and challenge infection study indicates that the vaccinated birds were immune against IBDV.
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7.
Comparative Sensitivity Of Agpt, Iha & Elisa In Determing The Antibody Response Against Ibd Virus Using Intermediate Plus (Hot) Strain 228E and Bur706
by Asim, M | Dr . Muhammad Naeem | Dr . Khalid | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present project was aimed at determining the comparative sensitivity of AGPT, IHA and ELISA. By determining the maternal antibody titre against IBDV. The protective efficacy of vaccines 228-E, BUR-706 and Gumboral CT was also evaluated by challenging the vaccinated birds with virulent IBD virus. A total of 200 day-old birds were randomly divided into four equal groups designated A, B, C and D. Chicks of group A, B and C were vaccinated with 228-F, BUR-706 and Gumboral CT, respectively. Group B served as un-vaccinated control.
ELISA was found more sensitive than AGPT and IHA in determining maternal antibody titre. Higher antibody titres were produced by 228-F compared to BUR-706 and Gumboral CT, respectively. Maximum mean ELISA titres in group A, B, C and D on day 35 were 10,080, 8539, 7022 and 537, respectively.
Decline in maternal antibody titre was observed weekly. AGPT could detect it up to day 14, while IHA up to day 2] and ELISA up to day 35.
228-F [Intermediate Hot (Plus) strain] provided maximum protection in vaccinated birds when challenged on day 20 and day 35 post-vaccination.
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8.
Passive Immunization Of Infectious Bursal Disease Infected Broiler Chicks
by Fazli Rabbi | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Khalid | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a common problem in commercial unvaccinated birds and causing heavy economical losses to the poultry industry. Chicken layers when primed with oil based 113D vaccine at age of 13 weeks and boosted with the same vaccine at 15 weeks of age showed high titre of yolk agar gel precipitating (AGPT) antibodies against IBD virus when tested on 21 and 28 weeks of age. Storage temperature (+4°C and -20°C) had undetectable effects on the physical properties (color and smell) and AGPT titres of the hyperimmunized yolk contnining 0.5% forrnalin (v/v). r[he AGPT antibody titre of the hyperimmunized yolk had good correlation with the enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELTSA) titre of 113D virus antibodies (r: 0.92). The IBD infected broilers (28 days old) when passively immunized with the yolk (one ml: 64 AGPT units of IBD antibody titre) induced 80% recovery as compared to that of untreated (control) birds. It is anticipated that the hyperimmunized yolk may he used as a therapeutic agent to cure the IBD infected birds.
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9.
A Comparative Evaluation Of Sodium Alginate, Potasium Aluminium For Enhancing The Immunogenic Response Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine
by Tariq Mahmood Khan, Major | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr . Asif | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the comparative efficacy of three different adjuvants (Potassium aluminum sulphate, mineral oil and sodium alginate) for enhancing the immune potential of haemorrhagic septicemia vaccines. A special media was prepared for the production of alum precipitated vaccine, sodium alginate vaccine and oil adjuvant vaccine. It was concluded that addition of various ingredients, including yeast extracts, cane sugar, sodium chloride and casein hydrolysate in proper concentration, increased the number of bacterial population in culture media and HS organism developed its full antigenic characteristics due to availability of essential required nutrients. Mouse model was chosen to study the safety and potency test of all the three vaccines. The potency of all three vaccines was compared and calculated by a standard method of Ose and Muenstar (1968). In this experiment APV proved inferior to SAV and OAV with the log protection value of 3.2 and 3.6. Sodium alginate vaccine gave better results with log protection value of 3.9 and 4, but slightly inferior to that of oil adjuvant vaccine. However, a plus point of this vaccine is that it is easy to prepare and simple to administer. The alginate alone is non immunogenic, it forms a stable, colloidal transparent solution in water and is devoid of disadvantages in commonly used chemical oil adjuvant. Oil adjuvant vaccine provides much better results with log protection value of 5.2 and 5.8 as compared to APV and SAV. After storage at room temperature, only 1.2 % separation of oil phase occurred being for less than the tolerable limit of 5%. The final product formed was creamy and whitish in colour and evenly adhered to the surface of glass bottle. Undoubtedly advantages of alginate vaccine lie in the simplicity and easy administration but the immunity conferred by oil adjuvant vaccine is of longer duration.
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10.
Studies On Sodium Alginate And Other Adjuvants For Improving Efficacy Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine
by Khalid Mahmood Shad | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr . Haji Ahmad | Dr . Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present study was conducted on 80 cow and buffalo calves to determine the effect of incorporation of sodium alginate, potassium aluminum sulphate and liquid paraffin on the immunogenicity of H.S. vaccines. The study was carried out 3 months old cow calves and buffalo calves (40 each). The calves were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D comprising ten animals of each species. Group B, C and D were innoculated with oil adjuvants vaccine, potassium aluminium sulphate vaccine and sodium alignate vaccine respectively, while group A wa kept unvaccinated control. The blood samples were collected for IHA antibody titre on day one i.e. before vaccination and then fortnightly post vaccination till the end of the project i.e. 90th day.
The IHA antibody titre of all experimental animals on day one was nearly same ranging from GMT 7.20-11.20. After vaccination IHA antibody titre rose, in all groups of vaccinated animals of both species to GMT 192.00-204.80, 128.00-147.00 and 108.00 in groups B, C and D, respectively. The maximum GMT antibody titre was observed in group B followed by D and C. The IHA antibody titre in group A remained nearly the same as on day 1. The antibody titre was significantly higher (P<0.01) in vaccinated groups than non vaccinated group. While in group B (OAV) IHA antibody titre was significantly higher (P<0.05) than group C (PAV) and D (SAV). But the plus point with SAV is that, it is very simple to prepared, easy to stoe and administred, and have a longer shelf life.
From these findings it can be concluded that oil adjuvant vaccine provided better immunity to both buffalo calves and cow calves, as only one shot of this vaccine could protect an animal for one year. However, there is need for further investigation.
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11.
Effect Of Various Growth Promoting Antibiotics On The Immune And Digestive Systems Of Broiler Chickens
by Shahan Azeem | prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Talat | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the effects of growth promoting antibiotics on immune and digestive systems of broiler chickens. This study indicated that un-medicated un-vaccinated chickens had the higher body weights than the vaccinated un-medicated or medicated chickens.
Flavomycin, Lincomycin and Zinc bacitracin did not adversely affect the mean weights of spleen, thymus and livers of experimental chickens. However, the use of lincomycin, adversely affected the weight of bursa of' Fabricius. Furthermore, the use of Flavoinycin, Lincomycin and Zinc bacitracin did not have any adverse effects on the development of antibody titers against NDV and AIV. The total viable microflora counts of different treatment groups were not different from each other.
Evaluation of the economics of flocks at the end of the experiment indicated that un-medicated, un-vaccinated groups had higher profit returns and the Lincomycin medicated, vaccinated groups demonstrated lowest profit.
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