1001.
Iqbal's Philosophy of Religion
by Dr. Muhammad Maruf.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore Islamic Book Service 1988Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.1 Maruf 22357 1st 1988 Islam] (1).
1002.
Family Front
by Dr. Muhammad Younas Butt.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications; Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.4392 Younas 16945 1st Drama] (1).
1003.
Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Of Ciprofloxacin Alone And In Combination With Diclofenac Sodium Against Different Pathogenic Bacteria
by Mehwish Khan (2014-VA-816) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance is an international public health problem as a result of an excessive and indiscriminate antibiotics usage, which has resulted in emergence of MDR microorganisms. This study is designed for the evaluation of antibacterial activity of different dilutions of Diclofenac sodium alone and in combination with Ciprofloxacin by using well diffusion method against bacterial pathogens to improve the quality of life of patients and minimize the chances of infections.
Different dilutions of Diclofenac sodium alone and in combination with Ciprofloxacin were checked for antibacterial activity againstEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebseilla pneumonia and Salmonella enterica. Three isolates of each bacterium were obtained from Microbiology department, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Lahore. The pathogens were tested for their sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin and azithromycin. The sensitivity was checked by disc diffusion method. Their zones of inhibition was measured in mm and compared with the CLSI standards. All the available bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin.
Well diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin. For this purpose, 100 µg of ciprofloxacin was used and three concentrations of 100µg, 200µg and 300µg of diclofenac sodium were used. Diclofenac sodium when used with the ciprofloxacin in higher concentrations, it caused the increase in the zone of inhibition significantly among all the bacteria. Maximum antibacterial activity of drugs combination was seen with E.coliamong all the bacteria.Synergism between diclofenac sodium and ciprofloxacin was found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) when compared with the individual effects of the ciprofloxacin
Collected data was analyzed by using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS, windows version, Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics was appliedusing graphpad prism 5.03.
This study indicates that Diclofenac sodium in combination with Ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcusaureus, Klebseilla pneumonia and Salmonella entericamay be effective and used as a synergistic combination to achieve more effective outcomes for disease management. This can be experimented further to evaluate these effects and prove to be major leap towards the increasing antibacterial resistance globally.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2569-T] (1).
1004.
Enhancement Of Omega Fatty Acids In Margarine Through Chia (Salvia Hispanica L.) Oil
by Hafiza Anam Baig (2010-VA-355) | Dr. Muhammad Nadeem | Dr. Saima Inayat | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The higher incidents of deaths from cardiovascular diseases have led to the identification
and modification of risk factors for atherogenesis; it is regarded as the number one reason of
deaths in developed and underdeveloped countries. Chia contains about 40% edible oil, with
fairly high content of unsaturated fatty acids, oil contains about 60% omega-3 fatty acids on
weight basis. Margarine will be prepared from palm oil, palm kernel oil, butter and chia oil
blends by varying the concentration from 5% to 20%.
Margarine was prepared by blending butter, palm oil and Chia seed oil in various
proportions. Market margarine (Blue Band) was used as a positive control. Butter, Palm oil and
Chia Seed oil was characterized for free fatty acids, moisture content, saponification value,
unsaponifiable matter, iodine value, refractive index. Solid fat index was determined at 0, 10,
20, 30 and 40˚C by the dilatometric method, melting point was determined by open capillary
tube technique. Colour, free fatty acids, iodine value, peroxide value, anisidine value,
conjugated dienes and trienes was determined. Fatty acids composition of margarines was
determined by the transformation into fatty acid methyl esters. Margarine was stored at 6±1oC,
for 2 months, iodine value, peroxide anisidine values, free fatty acids, conjugated dienes and
trienes was determined. Sensory evaluation was performed by a panel of ten trained panel of
judges, samples was evaluated for color, smell, taste and overall acceptability on a 9-point
Hedonic scale.
Peroxide value of 60 days old control and T4 (12% chia oil) were 7.06 and 12.10
(MeqO2/kg). After 60 days of storage period, peroxide value was in the order of T4> T3> T2>
T1> control. Free fatty acids increased with the storage period in all the treatments. They are
also increasing with the treatments having higher concentration of chia oil. At 60 day, control
Summary
68
and T4 are 0.16 and 0.19% respectively. Anisidine value trend is considerably accelerating
along the treatments as well as with the storage time. At 60 day, control and T4 is 24.42 and
44.78 respectively. Conjugated Dienes have the increasing trend throughout the treatments.
They also have higher values from 0 to 60 days of time period. At 6o day, the control and T4
are 2.47 and 3.34 respectively. Conjugated Trienes of all the samples increased throughout the
storage period of 60 days. At 60 day, the control and T4 are 2.60 and 3.28 respectively. Iodine
value is in the decreasing trend throughout the storage period and the treatments. They are in the
order of T0>T1>T2>T3>T4. Fat content of all the treatments and the control went on decreasing
throughout the storage period of 60 days. At 60 day, control and T4 were 68.61 and 90.91
respectively. The order of the fat content in all the treatments were T0>T1>T2>T3>T4. Moisture
content of all the treatments and the control went on decreasing throughout the storage period of
60 days. At 0 day, Moisture content of all the treatments were virtually the same. At 60 day,
control and T4 were 27.52 and 7.64 respectively. Salt content of all the treatments at the end of
the storage period were increased. At 60 day, control and T4 were 4.18 and 1.42 respectively.
The taste score of all the treatments along the treatments having different concentrations of
unsaturated fatty acids and also along with the storage period of time is decreased. The taste
score of the control and T4 were 8.06 and 6.90 respectively. The order of the taste score is in the
descending order of T0>T1>T2>T3>T4. Results of this evidenced that concentration of omega
fatty acids can be enhanced in margarine through chia oil with acceptable sensory
characteristics. Major changes in fatty acid composition were observed around C18:2 and C18:3
(omega 6 and 3). Concentration of trans fatty acids in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 24.75%,
6.67%, 5.49%, 4.71% and 3.19%. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2578-T] (1).
1005.
Survey To Assess Knowledge About Poultry Disease, Vaccination And Zoonoses In Backyard Poultry Keepers Around Lahore
by Rabia Saleem (2009-VA-460) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhary | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The term backyard chicken production designates poultry birds which are reared on small scale by a household. In this type of poultry rearing, usually a few birds are kept primarily for family use. The surplus birds and eggs are sold in the village or nearby market and the cash were utilized for fulfilling other needs of the household. This was a common practice in the rural area of all over the Pakistan.
Backyard poultry keepers are not well aware of management practices and poultry diseases. For that purpose nine rural areas were selected from Lahore by convenient sampling method. The households in each of the village were also conveniently select. 200 respondents were interview through a model questionnaire to assess knowledge about poultry diseases, zoonotic diseases and vaccination of poultry in backyard poultry keepers.
After compilation of the research data only 25.00% respondents know about poultry disease and only 48.74% use vaccination and medication for their birds if they got sick otherwise they never vaccinate or medicate.73.73% people do vaccination against New castle disease out of those who use vaccination/treatment but according to data they have no proper knowledge even New castle disease. 55.56% farmer observed diseases and sign and symptoms in their flock from which mites and ticks are 55.56%, respiratory sound and nasal discharge 44.45%, coughing, sneezing and greenish diarrhea 33.34%, swollen joints and ocular discharge 22.23%.Respiratory diseases are prevalent in that area.
70.00% people of the study have information about zoonotic diseases while only 26.00 people know about poultry zoonotic diseases. They are not properly educated about poultry zoonotic diseases
This study will help to collect the information about the knowledge of zoonotic disease, poultry disease and vaccination through survey from backyard poultry farmers. Results of the study are helpful to point out the main issue of poultry diseases and mortality. It is a need of hour to properly manage the back yard poultry on an early basis while a timed procedure should be developed to educate the rural farmers. Currently no proper regulatory body is working for the Poultry sector, PPA (Pakistan Poultry Association) working privately without any authoritative power. These points can be easily improved to help the poultry farmers in the sense of developing skillful backyard poultry producers to boost up poultry sector.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2577-T] (1).
1006.
Milad ul Nabi (SAW) Ayama o Muhadseen ki Nazar Main
by Dr. Muhammad Tahir ul Qadri.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Minhaj Publications; 2004Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.1 Qadri 21733 1st 2007 Islam] (2).
1007.
Effect Of Bovine Somatotropin On Productive Performance In Nili Ravi Buffaloes During Mid Lactation
by Muhammad Imran (2006-VA-16) | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid | Dr. Muhammad Saad Ullah | Dr. Amjad Riaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Agriculture being the backbone of economy contributes 21% of GDP in which major share 55.5 % is of Livestock sectorin the agriculture value added and 11.9 percent of National GDP.Total milk production in Pakistan is 52 million tons per year. Buffalo is playing a leading role in the national economy by producing more milk.Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68%(Anonymous,2012). Nili Ravi is the best performing animal producing more milk than other buffalo breeds in the world (2500 liters per lactation) but daily average milk production per animal is 7-8 liters. Increasing population in the World as well as Pakistan has resulted in higher demand of milk and milk by products. Animalresearchers are trying to devise different ways through which they can fulfill the increasing demand of milk and meat. Milk and meat production enhancement through different biotechnologies are thought to be important for the developing countries. Synthetic Bovine Somatotropin Hormone (bST) is one of biotechnological product which can help to increasethe production of animals.
The current study was conducted atLivestock Experiment Station Bhunikey, Pattoki to determine the effect ofbSTon DMI, body weight, milk production, milk composition, body condition score and production efficiencyin lactatingNili-Ravi buffaloes.Fifty Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were selected from the herd at LES Bhunikey, Pattoki. The buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) with 25 in each group.All the buffaloes offered silage ad libitum, water access round the clock and supplemented with concentrate @ 1 kg for 2 liter of milk production. Group A was administered with 500mg bST at 14 days interval for 5 months and group B was as control.
Dry matter intake was recorded on weekly basis and milk production measured twice a day (morning and evening). Body weight of buffaloes measured on monthly basis. Milk samples were collected after every 2 weeks for fat, lactose, proteins, solid-not-fats and total solids contents using milk analyzer in the Farm and Health Laboratory, Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. Body condition score of buffaloes on 5-point scale recorded before bST administration during adjustment period then during bST treatment in middle of experiment and finally when withdraw of bST administration.
Data obtained was statistically analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) using proc GLM procedure of SAS. Treatment was considered as fixed effect and start milk was used as covariate to avoid any bias.
Milk production, DMI and mastitis incidence significantly increased in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes with bST administration. Body condition score decreased significantly but body weight change was non significant in bST treated buffaloes.
bST treatment increased milk production in lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes.However, the mastitis incidence and antibiotic treatment increased in bST treated animals. Antibiotic residues in milk are major cause of antibiotic resistance in humans which is a huge challenge to humanity in 21st century. So bST treatment is not a viable approach for enhancing milk production.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2571-T] (1).
1008.
Effect Of Feeding Different Levels Of Rhodes Grass Hay On Growth Performance, Body Condition Score, Digestibility And Blood Metabolites In Growing Lohi Lambs
by Syed Ghulam Abbas Bukhari (2014-VA-521) | Mr. Imran Mohsin | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Livestock has great importance in economy of our country, livestock contribute 55.1% share in our agriculture GDP and about 12% of total GDP of Pakistan. Livestock includes all that animals which are reared at domestic level and produce beneficial products for human beings. As large ruminants has great role in milk production and a large population present in our country .Mean while small ruminants has also an important role in livestock sector. Deficiency of sufficient feed throughout the year is a common issue in Pakistan both for large and small ruminants. Poor quality and shortage of feedstuffs, as well as underfeeding are considered to be the major problems for the efficiency of animals. Tropical grasses have generally a lesser amount of crude protein contents. Therefore, maximum levels of production could not be achieved only from such feedstuffs that barely meet even the maintenance requirement of farm animals. Adding concentrates to poor-quality tropical hay is useful to improve intake and digestibility of grasses. The trial was conducted including, different levels of Rhodes grass hay supplementation, in TMR form. There were 3 treatments (Ctrl, Rh15 and Rh30), in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). First group was offered Rhodes grass hay and concentrate separately. Whereas Rh15 and Rh30 group was fed Rhodes grass hay in TMR form. Feed offered and refusal recorded at daily basis.
Supplementation of different levels of Rhodes grass hay did not affect the DMI in all the treatments. Body weight gain increased significantly in Rh15 group as compared to others. Body condition score and body measurements increased in Rh15 diet when compared to others. Blood urea nitrogen increased in the ctrl group than Rh15 and Rh30 group. Blood glucose level was not changed in all the treatments. Protein digestibility was improved in Rh15 group as compared to Ctrl and Rh30. The data thus collected was be analyzed through one way ANOVA procedure of SAS using Fisher’s LSD test.
The experiment helped us to determine the inclusion level of Rhodes grass hay in our local animals. As Rhodes grass is a perennial grass so its efficiency helped us during the period of shortage.
Conclusion:
Results in the present study showed that animals performed better on TMR feeding than conventional feeding. Body condition score, Body measurements and body weight gain was improved in Rh15 group as compared to Ctrl and Rh30 groups.
Suggestions and recommendations:
In future chemical treatments of Rhodes grass hay may improve nutritive value of Rhodes grass hay. Further research required to evaluate the fiber digestibility of Rhodes grass hay in small ruminants.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2565-T] (1).
1009.
Khutbat-e-Bahawalpur
by Dr. Muhammad Hameed Ullah.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Beacon House; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.439 Hameed 21371 1st 2005 Urdu.Literature] (1).
1010.
Immunomodulatory Effect Of Hing (Ferula Foetida) Along With Infectious Bursal Disease (Ibd) Vaccine In Broiler
by Muhammad Javed Raza | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in
poultry feeds. However, the use of antibiotics has been restricted due to the drug resistance
and the issue of residues in meat. Now a day, the use of medicinal plants is being popular as
an alternate remedy. Asafoetida is a natural feed additive and antimicrobial, immune
stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, anti-cancerous,
and vasodilator activities. It is being used for the control of some viral problems. Some
previous studies also indicated that it has beneficial effects on the immune system. Therefore,
the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effects of F. foetida with
IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system and ultimately increase the production of
poultry products.
A total of n=90 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept under the optimum
conditions at CVAS Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C
were further divided into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated
as positive control group and was administered with commercially available IBD and ND
vaccine and routine diet while group B was administered with asafoetida at the rate of 2%,
4%, and 6% along with vaccine to see the impact of different levels of asafoetida on the
immune system and to see the effects (if any) of various doses of asafoetida. Group C was
only administered with asafoetida in feed at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study
birds were slaughtered to observe the effects of asafoetida administration.
Positive effect of asafoetida has been reported by many studies. F. foetida is a
medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent
and have beneficial effects on the immune system. So, it was hypothesized that the present
Summary
39
study was helpful to determine the immunomodulatory effect of asafoetida for commercially
available IBD vaccine and could reduce the cost of vaccination for commercial poultry
farmers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2562-T] (1).
1011.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Feeding Allium Sativum Against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Vaccinated Broiler Birds On IBD Vaccine.
by Uzma Riaz (2008-VA-286) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Asif Idrees | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in
poultry diets for the purpose of weight gain to improve feed efficiency and growth rate.
However, use of antibiotics has restricted due to the bacterial resistance and the issue of
residues which make the chicken meat harmful for human consumption. So the medicinal
plants are gaining interest as alternative feed strategies now a day because of their low cost,
easy availability and presence of no residues. Garlic was used for the medicinal purposes and
as a health supplement by the ancient Egyptians. It is a natural feed additive and is
antimicrobial, immune stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic,
antioxidant, anti-cancerous, and vasodilator activities. Previous studies indicate that it has
beneficial effects on the immune system and is a best immune stimulator then the other
herbal plants and medicines.
Therefore, the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effect
of garlic to commercially available IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system. Total
N=99 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept in the experimental shed of CVAS
Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C were further divided
into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated as control group and
was administered with commercially available IBD and ND vaccine and routine diet while
group B was administered with garlic at the rate of 4%, 5%, and 7% along with vaccine to see
the impact of different levels of garlic (Allium sativum) on the immune system and to see the
toxic effect (if any) of high dose of garlic. Group C was only administered with garlic in fee
Summary
44
at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study birds were slaughtered to check the effects
of garlic administration. Positive effect of garlic has been reported by many studies. Garlic is
a medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent
and have beneficial effects on the immune system. Results of the study indicate that
administration of garlic powder in different doses alone and combined with commercial IBD
vaccine have good effects on the growth, blood parameters and the immune system of the
broiler birds. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2561-T] (1).
1012.
Comparison Of Suturing And Sutureless Techniques For Gastrotomy Closure In Canines
by Muhammad Atif (2007-VA-133) | Dr. Naveed Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Gastrotomy is suggested in case of gastric dilatation with volvolus, gastric foreign bodies, gastric retention, out flow obstruction, hypertropicgastropathy, gastric neoplasia, and gastroduodenal ulceration. Gastrotomy closure technique after gastric surgery is very crucial to avoid post-operative complication like peritonitis. Different techniques are considered to close gastric incisions like absorbable suturing material, stapler suture and use of adhesive glue. These techniques give different kind of effects on gastrotomy closure.
The present study was carried out on 12 adult mongrel dogs with an average of 15 to 20 kg body weight. They were divided into three groups, each group having 4 animals and designated as group A, B and C. Standard Gastrotomy procedure was performed in group A B and C. After performing surgery, the dogs of group A were sutured by cushing suture, followed by continuous lambert suture by 2/0 synthetic absorbable suture. While in group B dogs, stapler sutures were used to close gastric incision and in dogs of group C, incision site was closed through use of tissue adhesive glue (cyanoacrylate).
Comparison of all suturing and sutureless techniques was carried out through Physical evaluation, food, water intake and defecation, Weight loss / gain, Complete Blood Count, Leakage evaluation by contrast radiography and postmortem findings. It was concluded that suturing technique (using absorbable suture material in two layers) maybe considered much better than other two methods (adhesive glue and stapling) economically, due to use of ease and least post-operative complication. Although glue may be considered as second option due to easy handling, minimum fibrosis, least stenosis and better healing time. Stapling may be the third one
SUMMARY
55
because it experiences difficulty to fire, greater chances of infection due to staples and more prone to leakage and stenosis.
The results of this study will help veterinarian, field workers and pet practioners to use suturing technique as most effective and appropriate technique for gastrotomy closure in terms of better healing, less blood loss and least chances of post operation complications. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2559-T] (1).
1013.
Effect Of Inulin Present In Chicory Roots On The Diabetes
by Saeed Ahmad (2009-VA-642) | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Saima Inayat.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Diabetes is metabolic disease in which there are high glucose levels over a long period of time. The principle symptoms of high glucose are expanded thirst, regular pee, and expanded craving. Diabetes is a disease that influences the way the body uses food from the blood. It is normally a hereditarily issue of digestion system, that is showed by the inability to tolerate carbohydrates and insulin inadequacy.
In 2014 around 387 million individuals have diabetes the whole way across the world and 90% of the cases were of Type 2 diabetes which is equivalent to 8.3% of the grown-up population. This proportion was equivalent for both ladies and men. From years 2012 to 2014, it is evaluated that 1.5 to 4.9 million deaths each year was because of DM. The danger of death is twice with diabetes. The normal number of individuals with diabetes is 592 million by 2035 by this rate. With more than 16 million individuals America have some type of this disease (DM). 700,000 new instances of DM are analyzed each year.
Diabetes is increasing at very high rate in Pakistan. There are nearly 7.1 million DM patients in Pakistan and it is also estimated that if DM continually develop at this rate then 11.4 million patients of diabetics will be there and Pakistan would rank 10th in the world in 2030. This study is designed due to this alarming rate of diabetes in our country. Inulin present in chicory roots may be used to optimize blood glucose level in diabetic patients.
Total 20 diabetic participants aged 30 to 40 years, present in Lahore, were selected for this study in two groups with 10 each participants. Chicory root powder was used as a source of inulin.
60
Chicory roots was purchased from the market. Then cleaned from dirt and then it was dried with the help of oven at temperature 55˚c.Then this dried roots were grinded with the help of grinder machine.
Two group were formed. One group was control group that used only allopathic medicines specifically for diabetes. Other group was inulin group that used chicory root powder. Inulin group used both chicory root powder and medicines 1st week of the study. This was done only to ensure no side effect of chicory root powder on the participants. Next week when there was no adverse effect then participants were advised to use half of the medicine along with the chicory root powder. Then after 13 days when glucose level of the participant was on the course then eliminated the medicines and told them to use only 10 grams of chicory root powder daily.
Glucose level of these patients was tested daily by the glucometer for two weeks. Then after every 5 to 7 days for 3 months. Then at the end of this period HBA1C test was carried at the hospital laboratory.
In this experimental trial, we investigated the effect chicory root supplementation especially inulin has on glucose level of type 2 diabetic patients. Our results showed that three months of chicory root supplementation significantly decreased blood glucose level. My study reveals that inulin as a fiber didn’t control the diabetes but have a little effect on the glucose intake in the blood due to its fibrous nature. Data showed that the inulin supplementation slightly reduce the glucose level in the blood. First week of the supplementation was along with medicines and data showed reduction in the glucose level of blood. At initial day the average random blood glucose level was 251.2 ± 60.1 mg/dl and after 7 days it was 220 ± 53.1 mg/dl and at the end of 90th day it was 195 ± 52.3 which shows that inulin has a reducing effect on the diabetes to some
61
extent. In this study we can conclude that inulin containing chicory roots has a positive effect on the reduction of glucose level of blood (p < 0.001). The patients that use 10 grams of chicory root powder constantly were able to lower their blood glucose level and HbA1c. But it cannot be used as a medicine replacement in diabetic patients because it does not control blood glucose level to the normal range.
Future Recommendations:
I recommend in future that effect of inulin on the diabetic patients should be checked in relation to amount of medicines given to the patients. Researchers should check that what happens when inulin is used with different amount of medicines in diabetic patients. And also what happens when different amount of inulin is given to diabetic patients along with same medicine. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2568-T] (1).
1014.
Sequence Analysis Of Violent Behavior Gene Among Criminals
by Jawairia Akram (2010-VA-492) | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Saadat Ali.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Violence is defined as uncontrolled emotions problem and is a reason of violent behavior among criminals. Violence is mostly physical towards other people. MAOA and MAOB are isozymes of monoamine oxidase. MAOA is associated with aggression and violence in criminals as it affects brain structure and function which ultimately causes violence and aggression MAOA gene present on mitochondrial outer membrane encodes monoamine oxidase that degrade neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and nor epinephrine. An SNP (MAOA-LPR) in long promoter region of MAOA alters transcriptional activity of monoamine oxidase A and have two allelic forms MAOA-L and MAOA-H. MAOA-L is low activity allele and MAOA-H is high activity allele. Different research study suggested that MAOA-L is strongly associated with criminal activity in males. Aim of the study was to analyze the sequence of extreme violent behavior gene (MAOA) among criminals. Samples (n= 20) were collected from convicted offenders. Control samples (n=20) were collected from UVAS students. Organic method of DNA extraction was used. BPAQ (Buss and perry aggression questionnaire) was also filled by all the subjects included in the study. Primers for PCR amplification were designed using Primer3 software. PCR products were sequenced bi-directionally on ABI 3130XL Genetic analyzer. Results of sequencing were analyzed using CHROMAS software. Sequence alignment tool like BLAST (Basic local alignment search tool) was used for SNPs identification. 3 intronic and 1 exonic SNPs were observed and confirmed by BLAST. Exonic SNP gave significant p values computed by Chi square calculator. However, intronic SNPs were not significant according to chi square test. SNPs identified were not found to be associated with self-reported aggression. SNP observed in exon 14 is reported to be involved in psychiatric and depressive disorders. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2566-T] (1).
1015.
Polymorphism Analysis Within Tata-Box Of Bovine Lactoferrin Gene And Its Association With Mastitis In Sahiwal Cows
by Kashmala Haroon (2014-VA-04) | Dr. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Immad Rashid | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cows throughout the world, and is responsible for significant economic losses to the dairy industry especially in Pakistan. Several factors are responsible for this disease and about 20% bovines are suffering with this disease. Mastitis susceptibility and resistance is influenced by genetic variation of animals. Variations to polymorphisms in LF gene assume critical part of the immune response to mastitis. Polymorphism within LF gene may influence immune response to the mastitis in bovines. Recent study shows that promoter region of LF gene is highly polymorphic among bovines.
Present study was planned to identify polymorphism analysis within TATA-box of bovine LF gene and its association with mastitis. Multiple blood samples were collected from Sahiwal cows having clinical and sub-clinical mastitis. 10 samples were collected as a control. DNA extraction was done by organic extraction method and then quantification was done by Nanodrop. Amplification and sequencing was performed to get desire sequence of the gene. Comparative study of obtained sequence results were analyzed by using NCBI blast. Bioinformatics analysis was done with the help CLUSTAL W and BioEdit softwares.
Two novels and one reported SNPs were discovered within TATA-box of LF gene that might be having strong genetic association with mastitis in Sahiwal cows. This gene is strong candidate gene to differentiate between mastitis susceptible and resistant Sahiwal cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2584-T] (1).
1016.
Polymorphism Analysis Of Exon 2,5 And 10 Of Bovine Lactoferrin Gene And Its Association Within Mastitis In Sahiwal Cows
by Sidra Mukhtar (2014-VA-223) | Dr. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Sultan Ali | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A few factors militate against understanding the milk production capability of bovines. Mastitis is the most costly and the prevalent production-limiting disease of dairy animals in Pakistan and somewhere else on the world. Susceptibility and resistance to mastitis is a complex characteristic and impacted by hereditary variation of animals. Among these variations, the polymorphisms in LF assumes critical part in the immune responses to mastitis.
Susceptibility and resistant to mastitis is a complex trait and influenced by genetic variation of the immunity genes of the animals. Among these variations, polymorphism in Lactoferrin gene (LF) play important role in immune responses to mastitis. Polymorphism in exons 2, 5 and 10 of Lactoferrin gene are associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. It is a potential candidate gene for screening of the mastitis susceptible and resistant dairy cows.
The present study was designed for the identification of polymorphism in LF gene associated with mastitis. Blood samples from 20 Sahiwal cows having clinical and subclinical mastitis were sampled. Blood samples of 10 normal Sahiwal cows were also collected. DNA was extracted. Specific primers for amplification of LF gene were designed by using Primer 3 software.
LF gene was amplified and sequenced to get the full length sequence of the gene. Comparative analysis of resulted sequences was done with the help of NCBI BLAST. Multiple sequence alignment was done by using CLUSTAL W and BioEdit softwares. Protein analysis was done with ExPasy translate tool and the development of 3D structure were using PYMOL software.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2582-T] (1).
1017.
Akeesvi Sadi aur Pakistan
by Dr. Muhammad Farooq Khan.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Al-Mawad; 1996Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 954.91 Farooq 16811 1st 1996 Urdu.Literature] (1).
1018.
Eman Aur Islam
by Dr. Muhammad Tahir ul Qadri.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Minhaj ul Quran Publications; 2002Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297 Tahir 21745 1st 2002 Islam] (1).
1019.
Seroprevelance And Associated Risk Factors Of Avian Influenza Among Butchers In District Chakwal
by Shumaila Yousaf (2014-VA-513) | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhary | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Hamad Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Summary: Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2598-T] (1).
1020.
Assessment Ofgenetic Polymorphism In The Tph Gene As Susceptible Factor For Aggressive Behavior In Criminals From Prisonsof Punjab, Pakistan
by Zonash Riaz (2010-VA-479) | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Aggression is perceived as hostile, injurious, or destructive behavior often caused by frustration, can be collective or individual. Genetic studies have associated several genes with aggression in humans. One of the candidate genes that turned out to be associated with aggression, anger, and impulsivity is the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene. We investigated the polymorphism in the TPH gene in the unrelated male individuals in the Punjab ethnic backgrounds who were administered the Punjabi translation of Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire. The questionnaire measured four aspects of aggression: physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility (Buss and Perry, 1992).Scores ± SD of 83.544± 26.63 was obtained for Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire. TPH is a rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme in the serotonin pathway and regulates levels of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) by converting tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan, which is the direct precursor of 5-HT.
It is conceivable that variations in the TPH gene could contribute to low activity of the 5-HT system. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show associations to aggression and anger-related traits have been detected in intron 7 of TPH gene.DNA of individuals categorized into controls and criminal groups was extracted by organic method of DNA extraction.The targeted region of the TPH gene was amplified by the primers designed against intron seven. The amplified Pcr product was precipitated and it was sent for sequencing. The resultant sequenced data was then compared on the basis of Buss and Perry aggression scores. All unrelated male individuals from the Punjab ethnic groups were assessed on the scales showing scores for physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility. The minimum score for the respondents were 65 and highest score for the respondents were 135 among the criminal group while control have minimum scores of 50 and maximum scores of 113.Mean scores and standard deviations were calculated for criminals and control groups. Control group havephysical aggressionmean scores ± SD19.318 ± 6.21, verbal aggressionmean scores ± SD17.590± 4.41,angermean scores ± SD23 ± 6.868and hostility mean scores ± SD23.636± 9.12and total mean scores ± SD83.544± 26.63while criminals have physical aggressionmean scores ± SD28.2±8.134, verbal aggressionmean scores ± SD20.4±4.427, anger mean scores ± SD27.3±6.97and hostilitymean scores ± SD28.1±7.72and totalmean scores ± SD04.2±20.47.Mean aggression values for the criminals was 104 and for controls was 83, higher in criminals as expected. Criminals groups exhibited greater level of aggression as compared to that of control groups on the basis of four scales of aggression i.e. physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility.
Observed genotypic frequencies among the control groups were 0.7 for CC, 0.3 for the AC and 0 for AA whereas genotypic frequencies amongst criminal group were 0.3 for CC, 0.6 for AC and 0.1 for AA. Controls carried higher genotypic frequencies for normal CC genotype than criminals whereas the genotypic frequencies for AA and AC genotypes were higher in Criminal group.Observed allelic frequencies amongst the control group was 0.8 for C and 0.15 for A whereas observed allelic frequencies amongst the criminal group was 0.4 for A and 0.6 for C. Controls carried higher allelic frequencies for the normal C allele while criminals carried higher allelic frequencies for A allele.In our study proportion of the less common (A or U) alleles was 40%, and the proportion of the more common (C or L) alleles was 60% in criminal group as compared to 15% of A allele and 85% of C allele in the control group. Statistical analysis has associated significantly Criminals and controls group at P value less than 0.05.
Advances in the understanding of the genes modulating aggression can contribute meaningfully to a rational assessment and treatment of individuals with pathological aggression and a predisposition to violence. Results can be utilized for the screening of Aggression in the individuals for forensic applications. In future studies, other polymorphism in TPH and other aggression related genes may also be analysed in Pakistani population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2595-T] (1).
1021.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Ivermectin And Ibuprofen Alone And In Combination Against Avian Influenza H9
by Huma Minhas (2014-VA-499) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: This project was designed to analyze the antiviral andembryotoxicity of ivermectin and ibuprofenalone and in combination against H9 virus by using embryonated chicken eggsof 10 days old. Three different concentrations of these agents were selected for current project and two fold dilutions were made. Mixing of drug dilutionnswith avian influenza H9 virus was done and administered in embryonated eggs. They were kept in incubator for 72 hours. Eggs viability was checked during incubation at 37°c temperature. After overnight chilling,haemagglutinition test was done to evaluate antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of these dilutions was calculated as embryo survival percentage and positive and negative hemagglutination activity. To checkembryotoxicity,drug dilutions were made without virus and mortality ratio was checked after 48 hours of incubation.
The study provided information regarding antiviral activity and embryotoxicity of ivermectin and ibuprofen alone and incombination at different concentrations. The present study showed that antiviral activity of ivermectin was very strong at all concentrations however at higher concentration it was toxic for embryo.
Results of antiviral analysis showed that ivermectinand ibuprofen had antiviral activity alone and in combination afterusing combination of ivermectin and ibuprofen the antiviral activity was further increased and embrytoxicity was also diminished by combination therapyso these agents can be used as alternative therapy against avian influenza H9 virus. The outcomes were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Test was used to compare difference of means.
Comparative analysis of antiviral activity of ivermectin and ibuprofen alone and in combination showed that ivermectin had very strong antiviral activity but it was embryotoxic at higher concentrations when ibuprofen was used in combination then had further strong antiviral activity. It’s antiviral activity was stronger as compare when these agents used alone. In term of embryotoxicity these these agents were not toxic in combination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2588-T] (1).
1022.
Evaluation Of Inhibition Activity Of Indigenous Lactobacilli Spp. On Ammonia Emitting Bacteria
by Fatima Sajjad (2010-VA-312) | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Sehrish Firyal.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry is the 2nd largest industry in Pakistan which is growing at an amazing rate of more
than 10% from last few years. It provides jobs for more than 1.5 Million people. Although, it is
growing at excellent pace, it still faces many problems. One of the important problems in poultry
farming is the production of ammonia by urease producing microbes. Ammonia is health hazard
for both poultry and human. Urease producing bacteria which are the major problems in poultry
are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus
aureus in poultry droppings. Probiotics such as Lactobacilli can inhibit the urease producing
bacteria in poultry intestine as well as environment thus mitigate the ammonia emission. Present
study was designed to isolate Lactobacilli from indigenous poultry, screen them for
antimicrobial activity against urease producing microbes and determine their effect on growth of
Proteus mirabilis during co-culture experiments. A total of 71 Lactobacilli isolated were
recovered from 20 samples of droppings (10) and caeca (10) of back-yard poultry on MRS agar
plates. Twenty seven (27) isolates demonstrated antimicrobial activity against ammonia emitting
bacteria by agar spot and well diffusion assays. Seven isolates (FSL19, FSL25, FSL39, FSL45,
FSL51, FSL63 and FSL71), having better antimicrobial activity, were selected for co-culturing
with Proteus mirabilis in nutrient broth. FSL25, FSL45, and FSL51 showed more than 2 log10
reduction of Proteus mirabilis in co-culture experiments. FSL25, FSL45, and FSL51 were
identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus salivarius,
respectively by amplifying and sequencing their partial 16S rDNA. It is concluded that
Lactobacillus plantarum FSL25, Lactobacillus fermentum FSL45 and Lactobacillus salivarius FSL51 may be used to mitigate ammonia emitting bacteria in poultry environment after further
investigations. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2594-T] (1).
1023.
Seroprevalence Investigations And Molecular Detection Of Mycoplasma Synoviae Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (Lamp) In Poultry
by Madiha Kiran (2008-VA-272) | Dr. Syed Ehtisham ul Haq | Dr. Usman Waheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pakistan poultry industry has been making remarkable progress from the last few decades but it is still threatened to certain infectious diseases which may cause heavy economic losses. Respiratory distress is of major concern, caused by a number of bacteria and viruses. Mycoplasma synoviae is the second most economically significant bacterial pathogen causing infectious sinusitis which contributes greatest in respiratory distress cases, and infectious synovitis. Serology is a best tool to detect the prevalence of infection in a flock but sometimes it is associated with imperfections in results. Accurate and early diagnosis through molecular technique is necessary for timely treatment of the disease. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) represents a rapid and sensitive alternative to conventional PCR, showing to be a robust, inexpensive, simple, and powerful method for selective and specific detection of M. synoviae.
A total of n=300 sera samples were collected from broiler and layer flocks. Samples were tested against MS antibodies by Rapid Serum Agglutination (RSA) using SPAFAS MS Plate antigen (Charles River Inc., CT, USA). For LAMP based identification, tracheal and synovial swabs samples were collected from sero-positive birds. To perform LAMP, DNA was extracted through organic extraction method from swab samples, as well as from Indicating FTA® classic cards (for positive control). The vlhA gene targeted primers were designed using Primer Explorer V5. Primers were synthesized over 200 nmol scale. FIP and BIP were subjected to Reverse Phase Cartridge (RPC) for purification. The LAMP reaction mixture was incubated at 60оC temperature in a water bath for 60 minutes. After amplification of DNA, Bsm DNA
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
44
polymerase had been inactivated at 80оC. Results were read after gel electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel. A real-time LAMP assay was also performed using ESEQuant tube scanner with FAM as reporting dye.
The total samples positive for MS infection were 153 when tested through RSA, indicating 51% seroprevalence of MS in poultry flocks of Jhang. The positive percentage for broiler and layer birds was 48% and 54%, respectively. LAMP assay detected 54% positive samples. The results of successful LAMP assay indicated a specific ladder-like pattern. The developed LAMP assay was found 100% specific, as it did not amplify the DNA of other mycoplasma species (M. gallisepticum and M. imitans). The sensitivity of the Real-time LAMP assay was noted as 10fg/μl of DNA.
The study concluded that Mycoplasma synoviae infection is prevalent in poultry flocks of District Jhang of Punjab, Pakistan, and the LAMP assay is a sensitive rapid molecular method for the detection of M. synoviae.
In summary, the developed LAMP assay is an ideal, robust and simple method to diagnose M. synoviae in poultry. Based on its high specificity and sensitivity, LAMP can be considered as a promising tool for small as well as large-scale detection of M. synoviae in poultry flocks. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2589-T] (1).
1024.
Ifzaesh e Hiwanat
by Dr. Muhammad Aftab Khan.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Faisalabad: Pakistan Agriculture 2000Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089 Aftab 12782 1st 2000 Vet.Science] (1).
1025.
Islami Riyasat
by Hameedullah, Dr. Muhammad.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Al-Faisal; 2004Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
1026.
Haqiqat e Tauheed wo Risalat
by Dr. Muhammad Tahir ul Qadri.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Minhaj ul Quran Publications; 2004Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.64 Tahir 21747 1st 2004 Islam] (1).
1027.
Al Tasawar aul Tashree
by Dr. Muhammad Tahir ul Qadri.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Minhaj Ul Quran Publications; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.3 Tahir 21775 1st 2005 Islam] (1).
1028.
Study Of Factors Affecting Quality Of Silage As A Component Of Total Mixed Ration On Growth And Production Performance In Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Rafi-Uddin (2004-VA-152) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Silage production is at initial stages to be a part of animal agriculture in Pakistan. The lack of research on silage making and its benefits for livestock production under local conditions is an important factor for slow propagation of silage in our country. Under such scenario a multi-step study was conducted. At first, the effect of proper maturity stage for harvesting different fodders was investigated, and then the effects of silo type and silage additives were assessed on silage quality. In last part of the study the feeding trials were conducted on growing calves and lactating buffalo to evaluate the effect of silage feeding on growth and milk production respectively.
In all the three fodders i.e. oats, maize and sorghum, the full bloom stage for harvesting produced the best results regarding silage quality and fermentation characteristics. Although the trench silo produced best results regarding fermentation characteristics and silage quality, the expected operational cost and dry matter losses during face management for trench silo would make it harder for farmers to adopt. Under such circumstances, for long term use the bunkers would be a good choice for silage making with comparable silage quality as that of trench silo. Silage inoculants certainly improved the silage quality and it is highly recommended to use such additives for silage making and these additives are not that costly. Buffalo calves raised on fresh corn fodder and three different silages showed similar daily weight gain. Further growth trials on buffalo calves with varying levels of concentrate feeding along with silage are suggested to investigate silage feeding in calves. Corn silage fed lactating buffaloes had lower dry matter intake and total milk yield, but higher total solids as compared to fresh fodder feeding. The future studies of silage feeding compared to different inclusion levels of fresh and dry roughage sources would add further to explore the economic implications of silage feeding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2590-T] (1).
1029.
Effects Of Aqueous Extract Of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Leaves Against Colibacillosis In Broiler
by Muhammad Azfar (2014-VA-1111) | Dr. Asif Idrees | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan the poultry sector has developed rapidly in the last two decades. The poultry production as practiced today is specialized one and concentrating more on the use of high performance birds. The major factors for successful poultry production are high genetic potential, balanced nutrition and health maintenance (Nayaka et al. 2012). Utilization of immunostimulant is one solution to improve the immunity of animals and to decrease their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Immunostimulation comprises a prophylactic and therapeutic concept aimed at stimulation of the non-specific and specific immune response (Hyde and Patnode, 2001).
Most of the commercial poultry growers use antibiotics as growth promoters and to reduce the chance of occurrence of infectious diseases, which usually result in higher costs of production and ultimately lower net returns. There are great concerns about the use of antibiotics as therapeutic immunomodulators and growth promoters as it has given rise to antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this modern world of science, the researchers are once again intending towards exploring the potential benefits of the conventional medicines. Neem (A. indica) is an herbal plant which is known to exhibit various beneficial pharmacological properties including immunomodulatory effect in broilers.
Poultry sector is facing some problems one of which is bacterial disease which cause economic loss. Farmers use different antibiotics as growth promoter and to reduce the incidence of different diseases on poultry which increases cost of production and lowers the net returns. In addition, use of antibiotics giving rise to other problems like increasing drug resistant against these antibiotics especially Gram –ve bacteria (Salmonella and E. coli). It’s necessary that antibiotic residues in meat would not adversely affect human health. Specifically, it has been recommended that the penicillins, tetracyclines, tylosin, and
Summary
54
sulfonamides as growth promoters should not be use any more. So scientists are giving attention to the use of indigenous medicine instead of antibiotics for better rearing of poultry. Pakistan is blessed with different medicinal plants one of which is Neem (Azadirachta indica). For thousands of years the medicinal properties of Neem have been recognized. Each part of the Neem tree has some medicinal property. Biological Activity of Neem is due presence of different chemicals like nimbolide, nimbin, nimbindin, quercetin among others. Biological activities include Anti-inflammatory; Antiarthritic; Antipyretic; Hypoglycemic; Antigastric ulcer; Spermicidal; Antifungal; Antibacterial; Diuretic; Antimalarial; Antitumour; Immunomodulatory A. indica grow fast and is evergreen tree which has medicinal and nutritive value for broilers. Broilers which are given Neem leaves extract in water have shown improved FCR and weight gain. This medicinal Plants compete with synthetic drugs as it strengthens the immune system by activate Cell mediated immunity and have no residues in meat. Neem extracts also improve performance and hematological parameters
However, I did the research work in short-term basis (only 42 days) and modern equipments were also not available. Therefore, an extensive research and development work should be undertaken on Neem and its products to make the findings more accurate and effective for their better economic and therapeutic utilization. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2613-T] (1).
1030.
Genetic Analysis Of Slc24a5 Polymorphism In Pakistani Population, In Association With Human Skin Pigmentation As An Externally Visible Characteristic Parameter
by Asma Hameed (2008-VA-332) | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Muhammad Imran.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Human skin pigmentation is a phenotypic trait that varies within a population or among different populations. In addition to the genetic factors, some of the diseases (may be genetic or epigenetic), exposure to UV or usage of cosmetics may also be involved in the pigmentation outlook. It is possible to predict human identity on the basis of DNA polymorphisms in the genes coding human phenotypic characteristics.
In case of human skin pigmentation various genes are responsible to code variability among which SLC24A5 is an important contributor. This area of research is important in the field of forensic science in cases where reference samples are not available for comparison with the DNA profiles obtained from the crime scene evidence. SNPs in the coding region of exon3 (84bp) of SLC24A5 related to skin pigmentation (as reported in literature) are associated to a predictable variation in skin color in Pakistani Population.
Blood samples (62) were collected from the participants having three types of skin coloration fair= 20, medium=22 and dark=20 from general population belonging to Punjab. Organic method (Phenol chloroform extraction method) of DNA extraction was used. After extraction DNA was quantified on nanodrop spectrophotometer. Primers for the exonic region 3 of SLC24A5 gene were designed using primer 3 software. PCR amplification of the selected region was done through touch down PCR. DNA after obtaining PCR products was purified and the samples were sequenced bi directionally on ABI 3130XL Genetic analyzer.
The results of sequencing were analyzed using CHROMAS Lite 2.1 software. Sequence was converted into Fasta Format required for alignment study. Alignment tools like Blast were required for SNPs identification and comparison of all the sample sequences with the reference sequence. Mean color scores and mean ages of all the skin color groups were calculated separately in both male and female participants. Two types of genotypes were observed i.e, AA and AG. 24 out of the total sample size showed heterozygous peaks and confirmed the polymorphism also in Pakistani population at position 299 of the sequence. Difference between allelic and genotype frequency of studied gene were evaluated and by t test and association analysis to check out the significance of the studied data with the skin coloration was done and it was concluded that AA genotype is significantly associated with fair skin color in male and female population. Furthermore, AG genotype was significantly associated with dark skin coloration in female population. This type of study reveals that after the genetic analysis of the DNA obtained from the crime scene, prediction of skin color/hue of crime related individuals of fair skin color as well as dark skin color belonging to Pakistani Population can be made in those cases where reference samples are not available. So this can be used as a genotypic marker for screening out and forensic identification of individuals in various crime cases where reference samples are not available for comparison purposes and matching suspects. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2608-T] (1).
1031.
Effect Of Methionine And Mannan Oligosaccharides Supplementation On Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Immunity And Selected Blood Metabolites In Broiler Chicken Under Conditions Of High Ambient Temperature And Humidity
by Asif Mahmood (2009-VA-379) | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry sector is one of the most organized and vibrant segment of agriculture sector in Pakistan and is claimed to be among the largest industries of Pakistan with over more than 200 billion rupees investment and offering employment directly or indirectly to 1.5 million people. Broilers exposed to high environmental temperature and humidity exhibit several physiological and performance related setbacks. Heat stress cause high mortality, poor FCR, reduced feed consumption, body weight gain, and visceral development. Heat stress has been linked to a decrease in intestinal immune activity and to impaired intestinal morphology following pathogenic bacteria invasion of the body through the intestinal epithelium. Nutritional manipulations with its low cost are preferred to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on performance. Nutritional strategies such as the addition of prebiotics, some amino acids e.g. methionine are reported to be beneficial in alleviating heat stress. As a nutritional intervention, synthetic methionine added to the diet has been explored as method of ameliorating the effects of ROS associated with high environmental temperature. Keeping above in view, the present study has been planned to evaluate the effect of supplementing methionine and MOS on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune status against ND under field conditions. In this experiment a total of n=200 day old chicks were procured from a commercial hatchery and randomly assigned to dietary treatments with n=40 chicks per treatment. Each treatment was further divided into four replicates with n=10 birds/replicate. Dietary treatments were : 1) negative control (NC) without any supplementation, 2) positive control (PC) containing antibiotic, 3) MOS supplemented (MOS) containing 800 and 400 g/ton of MOS in the starter and grower, respectively, 4) High Methionine supplemented treatment (HM) containing Methionine 1% of the diet in both starter and grower feeds, 5) Methionine and MOS supplemented (HM+MOS) treatment containing high methionine
SUMMARY
42
(1% in starter and grower) along with 800 and 400 g/ton of MOS in the starter and grower, respectively. The temperature and humidity were recorded daily at 8:00, 14:00 and 18:00 h and means were calculated to determine the daily changes in temperature humidity index. Feed intake, body weight and FCR were recorded at the end of each week. At the end of experiment n=3 birds per replicate were selected, weighed and slaughtered. At the time of slaughtering blood samples were collected in evacuated tubes. Serum was harvested after centrifugation, dived into aliquots and stored at –20 oC until further analysis. Serum samples were used to determine antibody titer against ND. At the time of slaughtering organ weighed and jejunal sample were collected to determine the gut morphology. The data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results were declared statistically significant at P < 0.05 and compared using Tukey, s multiple comparison test. The statistical analysis were carried out using SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute, 2006). Live BW was higher (P<0.05) in HM+MOS compared to NC and HM. Feed intake was higher (P<0.05) in HM+MOS and PC than those in NC. However, FCR was lowest in HM+MOS compared to NC and PC birds. Relative organ weights were similar (P>0.05) among treatments; however, bursa of fabricius was heavier in MOS compared to the NC and HM+MOS. Villus height and villus to crypt ratio was highest (P<0.05) in HM, than the NC treatment birds CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, supplementation of methionine at 1% of diet and MOS improved the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in birds reared under conditions of high temperature and humidity. Gut morphology of the bird also improved by supplementation of Methionine and MOS in the broiler diet.
SUMMARY
43
SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION
Further research is needed to re-determine the recommended levels of methionine in the diet when bird are reared under the conditions of high temperature and humidity. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2606-T] (1).
1032.
Study Of Effect Of Heat On Aflatoxin Reduction In Chickpea
by Zarmeena Khan (2009-VA-514) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), also called garbanzo bean or Bengal gram, belongs to the family Fabaceae of class dicots (Lev-Yadun et al. 2000). It is an important legume crop cultivated over an area of 963.0 hectares with a production of about 675.2 tons in Pakistan. It is the most nutritive pulse extensively used as protein addition to starchy diet. The major issue which influences the chickpea is naturally occurring aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) with AFB1 the most important, toxic and carcinogenic. Aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AfG2) are toxins produced by Aspergillus flavis and Aspergillus parasiticus infecting the agricultural crops. Chickpea is largely contaminated by aflatoxins in Pakistan due to seasonal variations, improper management of grains and contaminated soils. These are dangerous fungal metabolites that impair child development, suppress the immune system, cause cancer and in severe acute exposure death occurs, so it is necessary to estimate its toxicity in public health perspective.
For this purpose present study was conducted to determine the level of aflatoxins in Chickpea samples (Roasted and Unroasted). Samples were collected from different areas of Lahore i.e. Anarkali, Icchra, Model town, Gulberg, Mughalpura,Iqbal Town, Samnabad, Secretriate, Sabza Zar, Wahdat Road, Shad Bagh, Data Darbar, Thokar Niaz Begh, Cantt, Lohari Gate, Outfall Road, Dharampura, Joray Pull, Rehman Pura, Mozang, Faiz Bagh, Akbari Mandi, Liberty, Jallo Morh, Lahore Medical Society, Darogha Wala, Firdous Market, Siddiqia Colony, District Court, Sanat Nagar and also from chickpea vendors. The samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to check the presence of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 & G2). TLC analyses were further confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to verify the accuracy of TLC. These analyses were performed in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and WTO labs, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.
Experimental results showed that 60 out of 120 samples were contaminated with four different types of aflatoxins. In other words, 50% samples were found contaminated with aflatoxnis. Aflatoxin B1 was the major aflatoxin found in many samples but aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2 were also identified. Samples were analyzed on TLC method and 5% of contaminated samples were re- evaluated on HPLC technique to get precise results. Out of 120 samples sixty samples (50%) were collected from retail shops and other sixty (50%) samples were collected from street vendors. Each category of sixty samples holds 50% roasted and 50% un-roasted samples. Out of 120 total samples of chickpea 60 samples were taken from vendors with 2 categories of roasted and unroasted while 60 samples were collected from shops with the same categories. In those 120 samples, 60 (50%) were contaminated. From those 60 samples 39 (65%) samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1. And it was also observed that the aflatoxin contamination level in vendors sample was high as compared to samples collected from shops. Out of 39 AFB1 contaminated samples vendor’s samples included 26 (66.66%) samples and samples collected from shops included 13 (33.3%) samples. In 26 vendors’ samples contaminated by AFB1, 18 (69.2%) samples were un-roasted while 8 (30.7%) samples were roasted. Aflatoxin B2 was present in 14 (23.33%) samples from these 60 contaminated samples, and presents only in both vendors and shops samples i.e. 7 (50%) samples from vendors and 7 (50%) from shops. From these AFB2 contaminated samples 10 samples (71.4%) were un-roasted and 4 samples (28.5%) was roasted. Aflatoxin G1 is also present in 5 samples (8.33%), out of which one sample (20%) was collected from vendors and 4 samples (80%) was collected from shop. From these G1 contaminated samples, 1 (20%) was roasted and 4 (80%) was un-roasted. Aflatoxin G2 is present only in two samples collected from vendors and shops, and we can say that 3.33% samples were contaminated with aflatoxin G12, out of 60 contaminated samples. From above results it is concluded that out of 60 contaminated samples 43 (71.66%) were un-roasted and 17 samples (28.33%) were roasted. After the aflatoxin determination in 60 shop’s and 60 vendor’s roasted and unroasted chickpea samples 5 samples were further processed at home by keeping 1 sample unroasted and 4 samples roasted at time intervals of 5mins,10mins,15mins and 20mins in sand bath. All the samples were free from the aflatoxin contamination except one which was unroasted. AFB1 was present in that sample at its minimum level i.e. 32.16µg/kg.
AFB1 was present more frequently in chickpea samples. Present study will be supportive for the investigation of aflatoxins in chickpea samples. Chickpea is widely consumed all over the world and occurrence of aflatoxins in this commodity is a major concern to human health. The present situation is too much worse about the levels of aflatoxins which are higher than the prescribed limit by the regulatory authorities. It was observed that TLC technique is good for the determination of aflatoxins in developing countries where the facilities of sensitive instruments are not accessible. Furthermore to quantify levels of aflatoxins by using sensitive instruments like HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS is required for accurate detection of Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 & G2) in chickpea samples available in markets to protect the consumers from exposure of aflatoxins high level which are carcinogenic and hepatotoxic.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2599-T] (1).
1033.
Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis In Dairy Cattle In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab, Pakistan
by Ahmad Raza (2008-VA-271) | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Faiz Qamar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Brucellosis is an infectious disease of domestic and wild animals with serious
zoonotic implications in humans. The disease in animals causes tremendous economic losses.
Since brucellosis is primarily an animal disease, emphasis should be given to control the
disease in animal populations by adopting well organized control strategies to protect the
public from the risks of acquiring this zoonosis.
A total of 300 blood samples (N=300) were collected randomly from cattle species
with one hundred samples (n=100) from each district of Chiniot, Sargodha and Sahiwal.
Approximately 04 mL of blood was collected and transferred in a blood Vacutainer having
gel containing clot activating factor, stored immediately at 4 °C in an ice box and was
transported to laboratory. The serum samples were screened by RBPT which is screening test
for brucellosis and it was observed that 38 animals were seropositive by RBPT. Then serum
samples were further confirmed by the use of most specific and sensitive serological test
known as ELISA.
Out of 300 samples, 33 animals were confirmed as seropositive by Indirect ELISA.
The overall prevalence in each of this district by RBPT was found to be 12%, 12% and 14 %
in Chiniot, Sargodha and Sahiwal respectively. The overall prevalence in each of this district
by iELISA was found to be 10%, 11% and 12 %.
By RBPT, Seroprevalence in females was 13.57% based on gender, animals having
abortion history had high seroprevalence for brucellosis (30%) than the non-aborted animals
(10.83%) and the animals with history of retained placenta are 19.30%. Seroprevalence of
iELISA based on gender showed 11.79%, cattle having history of abortion 30% and animals having history of retained placenta in cattle (24.57%). The risk factors i.e. sex, abortion,
retained placenta and areas are highly significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2602-T] (1).
1034.
Chemical, Microbiological And Toxicological Evaluation Of Textile Dyeing Industry Wastewater
by Muhammad Furqan Akhtar (2011-VA-265) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Exposure to complex mixtures like textile effluent poses risks to animal and human health such as mutations, genotoxicity, pathological lesions and oxidative damage. The aim of the present study was to quantify metals and identify organic pollutants in untreated textile dyeing industry wastewater, to determine the bacterial load of wastewater, isolate and identify heavy metals tolerant bacteria and to determine its mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic potential, influence on normal physiology and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers in effluent exposed rats.
Metal analysis through AAS revealed presence of high amounts of zinc, copper, chromium, iron, arsenic and mercury in industrial effluent. Various organic pollutants such as chlorpyrifos, cucurbitacin-b and phthalates were identified by screening through GC-MS.
Microbiological evaluation of textile dyeing industry wastewater revealed a high bacterial load. Different bacteria isolated from wastewater such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphyoloccus epidermidis and Micrococcus varians exhibited resistance to Cr and Cu salts and antibiotics to varying degree.
Ames test with/without enzyme activation and MTT assay showed strong association of industrial effluent with mutagenicity and cytotoxicity respectively. Bacterial reverse mutation assay revealed that the mutagenicity of textile dyeing industry wastewater decreased with increase in dilution of wastewater.
In-vitro comet assay revealed the evidence of high oxidative DNA damage induced by textile wastewater. Wastewater exhibited concentration dependent genotoxicity in sheep
SUMMARY
147
peripheral lymphocytes. When Wistar rats were exposed to industrial effluent in different dilutions for 60 days, then activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase and hydrogen peroxide concentration were found to be significantly lower in kidney, liver and blood/ plasma of effluent exposed rats than control. Vitamin C at a dose of 50mg/Kg/day significantly reduced oxidative effects of effluent in rats. Industrial effluents may decrease activities of T-SOD and CAT and concentration of H2O2 in liver, kidney and blood/plasma of Wistar rats. Vitamin C may have a possible ameliorating effect on industrial effluent induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats.
Wastewater exposed rats exhibited necrosis of epithelial cells of nephron, pulmonary emphysema, and inflammation of the lungs, degradation and infiltration of cardiac myocytes, fibrosis of the liver, damage to the intestinal mucosa and sloughing off epithelial cells from the intestinal lumen.
This study concludes that untreated textile dyeing wastewater being a complex mixture of inorganic and organic pollutants may be highly eco-toxic and may contaminate of the environment via continuous release of various organic and inorganic pollutants. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2580-T] (1).
1035.
Islam main Sazaya Qayad aur jail ka Tasawar
by Dr. Muhammad Tahir ul Qadri.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Minhaj Ul Quran Publications; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.3 Tahir 21766 1st 2005 Islam] (1).
1036.
Salmonella Contamination In Vegetables Due To Irrigation With Wastewater In Lahore
by Muhammad Shahjahan Zafar (2009-VA-398) | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Ms. Noor-ul-Hudda.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Salmonella has been one of the major food-borne pathogens for animals and humans for last many years. Many food borne outbreaks and other sporadic cases occur due to Salmonella in many countries. Foods of animal origin are considered major sources of Salmonella. However, Salmonella infections due to consumption of raw vegetables have occurred numerously in recent past. 30% of sewage water is directly used for irrigation purposes in Pakistan for various crops including vegetables. It may be the cause of Salmonella contamination. Apart from conventional microbiological techniques, nucleic acid amplification technologies have provided the opportunity for rapid detection of Salmonella from various sources, providing better sensitivity and superior specificity, thereby refining the administration of outbreaks by more rapid confirmation.
Untreated wastewater is the major source of Salmonella contamination of vegetables. Vegetable sampling was done from field, wholesale and retail markets of Lahore city and wastewater sampling was done from River Ravi, Lahore Canal and other sources by using aseptic techniques and was transported at 4°C. Salmonella species was isolated by conventional methods and suspected colonies were confirmed by biochemical tests TSI and Urease Test. DNA was extracted through boiling and 10% chelex method. Molecular characterization of isolated strains was done through PCR. Antibiotic resistance of confirmed isolates were also checked.
A total of 320 (Vegetable n=160, Wastewater n=160) samples were taken for present study for screening of salmonella microbial contamination in it. Different types of vegetables including Coriander (n=40), Mint (n=40), Carrot (n=40), Radish (n=40) were used for analysis.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
46
Wastewater samples were also collected from various sources like River Ravi (n=60), Lahore Branch Canal (n=60) and Kharak Nala (n=40).
Salmonella was found in 4/40 (10%) samples of Coriander, 3/40 (7.5%) of Mint, 5/40 (12.5%) of Carrot, 3/40 (7.5%) of Radish and 33/160 (20.63%) of wastewater samples through PCR detection. Many of the isolates were found multi-drug resistant.
This study revealed the presence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella species in vegetables and wastewater. All the vegetables studied were contaminated with Salmonella. This data was designed to find out the magnitude and real picture of the pathogen. It helped in drawing a relationship between Salmonella contamination of vegetables and irrigation of wastewater. As wastewater is the main reason for bacterial contamination of vegetables, measures should be adopted at governmental level for reduction of this contamination. Water disinfection practices and continuous water supply for irrigation can reduce the bacterial load. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2624-T] (1).
1037.
Molecular Characterization Of Oca2 Gene In Correlation With Eye Color For Forensic Application
by Anam Noor (2014-VA-942) | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Allah Rakha | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: DNA phenotyping is the use of genetic information such as DNA to determine a phenotype. It helps forensic investigator to predict the physical appearance of an individual to find unknown perpetrators or to identify missing persons using molecular analyses from biological samples in cases where all other means of inquiry, including conventional DNA profiling are non-informative. In a non-forensic setting, it permits the prediction of the physical appearance of our ancestors, historical persons or any other deceased individual for whom the identification of appearance traits may be interesting, and it sheds light on human evolution. Based on current research there are only a few traits for which it is possible to make an accurate description based on underlying genetic variation.
Eye color is a complex polygenic trait and is under the control of many genes. There are infinite number of eye colors with a multitude of patterns and mixtures. Almost 74% human eye color is under the control of OCA2 gene on chromosome 15. This gene correlates with the physical appearance of eye color as EVCs (externally visible characteristics) therefore it can be used as a parameter in forensic application.
Samples collected from local areas of Pakistan is divided into two groups brown that include samples from 17 individuals and other than brown including 15 individuals. DNA of 32 samples was extracted and samples were amplified against a selected sequence of OCA2 gene containing SNP rs1800407, which was previously reported to be associated with eye color in European populations. These amplicons were sequenced using Sanger sequencing and chromatograms obtained were analyzed by pairwise and multiple alignment tools. The results show the presence of5 polymorphic sitesin various samples including SNPsrs1800407 and rs1900758. These polymorphic sites were further analyzed by applying t-test which shows no significant association between retrieved polymorphic sites and eye color.The results show no significantly associated marker with eye color to be present within the selected sequence so we need to analyze other markers or SNPs which could be found to be associated with eye color that would be very useful in forensics application.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2623-T] (1).
1038.
Identification of Ciprofloxacin Resistant Bacteria of Public Health Significance in Animals and Poultry
by Qurat ul Ain (2010-VA-306) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In the present study ciprofloxacin resistant isolates with public health significance, collected from chicken five each of respiratory, digestive and reproductive system where as twenty samples each of respiratory, digestive, reproductive and milk from, goat, sheep, cow and buffalo has been determined. Out of 95 samples collected, 52 samples were identified as ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria which were E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Proteus from chicken (respiratory, digestive, reproductive system) and goat ,sheep, cow and buffalo( respiratory, digestive, reproductive system and milk).
In chicken out of 15 samples, respiratory bacterial isolates showed maximum resistance (80%, 4/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from digestive (60%, 3/5) and reproductive system (40%, 2/5). In goat out of 20 samples, respiratory bacterial isolates showed maximum resistance (80%, 4/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from digestive (20%, 1/5), reproductive system (60%, 3/5) and milk (40%,2/5). In sheep out of 20 samples, digestive bacterial isolates showed maximum resistance (60%, 3/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from respiratory (40%, 2/5), reproductive system (20%, 1/5) and milk (40%,2/5).
In cow out of 20 samples, digestive bacterial isolates showed maximum resistance (100%, 5/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from respiratory (80%, 4/5), reproductive system (60%, 3/5) and milk (20%,1/5). In buffalo out of 20 samples, bacterial isolates in milk samples showed maximum resistance (80%, 4/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from respiratory (60%, 3/5), reproductive (60%, 3/5) and digestive system(40%, 2/5).
Summary
61
In Pakistan, there is also increasing trend of emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human infection. In our study from various systems, ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria were isolated and confirmed. Among these bacteria irrespective of animal spp and systems, E. coli was found most abundantly in respiratory system of chicken and digestive system of cow due to irrational use of antibiotics and simultaneously use in animals, poultry, and human . In this study comparative status of ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonellae, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Proteus with public health significance from chicken and animals and their associated risk factors were observed. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2622-T] (1).
1039.
Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) Of Malakand Division, Pakistan
by Mohammad Salim (2007-VA-543) | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Muhammad Sajid Nadeem | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study was conducted from 2010 to 2013 in three districts (Malakand, Dir and Swat) of Malakand Division. A total of 49 stations were sampled for bats where total 1982 bats were recorded. A total of 21 species of bats belonging to six families, fourteen genera were recorded. These includes the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus), the greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx), the fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultia), the greater mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma microphyllum), the lesser mouse tailed bat (Rhinopoma hardwickii), the greater false vampire (Megaderma lyra), the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), the Blyth‟s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus Lepidus), the fulvous leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros fulvus), the Hodgson‟s bat (Myotis formosus), the Asian barbastelle (Barbastella leucomelas), the Asiatic greater yellow house bat (Scotophilus heathii), the Asiatic lesser yellow house bat (Scotophilus kuhlii), the serotine (Eptesicus serotinus), the common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), the javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus), the coromandel pipistrelle (Pipistrellus coromandra), the least pipistrelle (Pipistrellus tenuis), the Dormer‟s bat (Pipistrellus dormeri), the desert yellow bat (Scotoecus pallidus) and the Schreiber‟s long-fingered bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus) were recorded throughout the study area.
M. formosus was common to all the three districts while B. leucomelas and P. pipistrellus were captured only from Dir district. The Hodgson‟s bat (M. formosus) and the Schreiber‟s long-fingered bat (M. fuliginosus) were captured from Malakand and Swat districts. The skeleton of C. sphinx was recorded only from adjacent area of Malakand district. The Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) was not previously recorded from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while it has been reported from Punjab and Sindh province of the country. There are only six species which has
Summary
181
previously been reported from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while thirteen bats were newly recorded from the study area. Only two bats were newly recorded for the first time in the country.
The mean forearm length of the three P. giganteus was 152.23 mm ± 3.72 (SD). The mean greatest skull length was 65.96 mm ± 1.42 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 24.91 mm ± 0.84 (SD). The mandible and mandibular toothrow length were 50.78 mm ± 0.87 (SD) and 27.41 mm ± 0.66 (SD), respectively.
The thumb and forearm length of one C. sphinx was 25.80 mm and 65.48 mm, respectively. The greatest length of skull was 32.20 mm. The maxillary and mandibular toothrow length were 10.86 mm and 12.64 mm. The mandible was 24.75 mm long.
The mean forearm and thumb of R. leschenaultii was 80.23 mm ± 3.26 (SD) and 27.79 mm ± 1.22 (SD), long, respectively. The mean greatest skull length was 36.97 mm ± 1.11 (SD). The mean mandible, maxillary and mandibular toothrow length were 28.95 mm ± 0.90 (SD), 14.08 mm ± 0.44 (SD) and 15.51 mm ± 0.47 (SD), respectively.
Mean thumb and forearm length of three R. microphyllum was 8.80 mm ± 0.95 (SD) and 67.45 mm ± 4.60 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull was 20.15 mm ± 0.64 (SD). The mandible, maxillary and mandibular toothrow length were 7.30 mm ± 0.18 (SD), 8.11 mm ± 0.11 (SD) and 14.38 mm ± 0.63 (SD), respectively.
Mean thumb and forearm length of R. hardwickii was 8.23 mm ± 0.38 (SD) and 59.90 mm ± 1.21 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the four specimens was 18.20 mm ± 0.48 (SD). The maxillary and mandibular toothrow length were 6.08 mm ± 0.07 (SD) and 6.72 mm ± 0.13 (SD), respectively. The mandible length was measured as 12.38 mm ± 0.0.23 (SD).
Mean thumb and forearm length of M. lyra was 11.80 mm ± 0.44 (SD) and 70.06 mm ± 0.69 (SD), respectively. Mean greatest length of skull of the three specimens was 29.60 mm ± 0.46
Summary
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(SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 11.40 mm ± 0.10 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 11.94 mm ± 0.04 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 20.04 mm ± 0.03 (SD).
Mean thumb and forearm length of R. ferrumequinum was 4.01 mm ± 0.01 (SD) and 60.01 mm ± 1.41 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the two specimens was 23.35 mm ± 0.20 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 9.18 mm ± 0.02 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 9.86 mm ± 0.01 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 16.33 mm ± 0.13 (SD).
The mean thumb and forearm length of R. lepidus was 3.87 mm ±0.13 (SD) and 38.02 mm ± 0.63 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the two specimens was 15.94 mm ± 0.15 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 5.86 mm ± 0.02 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 6.57 mm ± 0.64 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 10.34 mm ± 0.04 (SD).
Mean thumb and forearm length of H. fulvus was 4.91 mm ± 0.17 (SD) and 41.41 mm ± 0.97 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the thirteen specimens was 18.45 mm ± 0.16 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 6.50 mm ± 0.14 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 6.96 mm ± 0.18 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 11.73 mm ± 0.14 (SD).
Mean thumb and forearm length of M. formosus was 9.26 mm ± 0.70 (SD) and 48.74 mm ± 2.02 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the three specimens was 17.81 mm ± 0.12 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 7.15 mm ± 0.05 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 7.80 mm ± 0.05 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 13.85 mm ± 0.07 (SD).
Thumb and forearm length of B. leucomelas was 5.65 mm and 42.88 mm, respectively. The tragus height was 10.32 mm. The greatest length of skull of a single specimen was 15.87 mm. The maxillary toothrow length was 4.91 mm. The mandibular toothrow length was 5.43 mm. The mandible length was measured as 10.02 mm.
Summary
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Mean thumb and forearm length of S. heathii was 9.06 mm ± 0.41 (SD) and 62.25 mm ± 1.76 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the nine specimens was 23.12 mm ± 0.46 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 7.87 mm ± 0.16 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 8.93 mm ± 0.16 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 16.62 mm ± 0.19 (SD).
Mean thumb and forearm length of S. kuhlii was 7.01 mm ± 1.41 (SD) and 50.06 mm ± 7.13 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the two specimens was 19.24 mm ± 0.71 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 6.49 mm ± 0.11 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 7.42 mm ± 0.01 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 13.78 mm ± 0.47 (SD).
Mean thumb and forearm length of E. serotinus was 8.92 mm ± 0.32 (SD) and 53.37 mm ± 1.39 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the fifteen specimens was 21.40 mm ± 0.70 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 7.84 mm ± 0.21 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 9.28 mm ± 1.95 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 15.51 mm ± 1.94 (SD).
Thumb and forearm length of P. pipistrellus was 4.01 mm and 31.06 mm, respectively. The greatest length of skull of a single specimen was 12.14 mm. The maxillary toothrow length was 4.22 mm. The mandibular toothrow length was 4.45 mm. The mandible length was measured as 8.27 mm.
Thumb and forearm length of P. javanicus was 4.02 mm and 32.01 mm, respectively. The greatest length of skull of a single specimen was 13.13 mm. The maxillary toothrow length was 4.60 mm. The mandibular toothrow length was 5.20 mm. The mandible length was measured as 9.46 mm.
Mean thumb and forearm length of P. coromandra was 4.70 mm ± 0.45 (SD) and 32.28 mm ± 1.17 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the eight specimens was 12.67 mm
Summary
184
± 0.40 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 4.44 mm ± 0.24 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 4.74 mm ± 0.23 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 9.13 mm ± 0.46 (SD).
Mean thumb and forearm length of P. tenuis was 4.43 mm ± 0.47 (SD) and 29.24 mm ± 1.03 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the 23 specimens was 11.56 mm ± 0.25 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 3.87 mm ± 0.09 (SD). The mandibular toothrow length was 4.10 mm ± 0.06 (SD). The mandible length was measured as 7.89 mm ± 0.60 (SD).
Mean thumb and forearm length of P. dormeri was 5.28 mm ± 0.70 (SD) and 34.30 mm ± 1.25 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of the skull was 13.77 mm ± 0.11 (SD). The mandible, maxillary and mandibular toothrow length were measured as 10.53 mm ± 0.09 (SD), 5.33 mm ± 0.02 (SD) and 5.56 mm ± 0.07 (SD), respectively.
Mean thumb and forearm length of S. pallidus was 6.26 mm ± 0.41 (SD) and 36.83 mm ± 0.42 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the twenty two specimens was 15.00 mm ± 0.26 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 5.66 mm ± 0.10 (SD). The mandible and mandibular toothrow length were 11.35 mm ± 0.23 (SD) and 6.11 mm ± 0.12 (SD), respectively.
Mean thumb and forearm length of M. fuliginosus bat was 6.61 mm ± 0.43 (SD) and 37.59 mm ± 5.37 (SD), respectively. The mean greatest length of skull of the six specimens was 14.48 mm ± 0.58 (SD). The maxillary toothrow length was 5.32 mm ± 0.39 (SD). The mandible and mandibular toothrow length were 10.54 mm ± 0.65 (SD) and 5.71 mm ± 0.49 (SD), respectively.
FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Bat surveys. This is the first extensive exploration of that small portion of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which comprises of only three districts of Malakand Division i.e. Malakand, Dir and Swat. Although more focus remained towards Malakand district, six families, fourteen genera, twenty one species were identified. Moreover, two new country
Summary
185
records (Myotis formosus and Miniopterus fuliginosis) were also explored. Further bat surveys in poorly surveyed parts of the country especially in KPK and Baluchistan may result in identification of some other new bat taxa. More bat surveys involving greater field efforts may also confirm the presence or absence of those already described from the country.
2. Distribution ranges and species specific habitat analysis. Presence of thirteen new locality records (Pteropus giganteus, Cynopterus sphinx, Rhinopoma hardwickii, Megaderma lyra, Rhinolophus Lepidus, Hipposideros fulvus, Barbastella leucomelas, Scotophilus heathii, Scotophilus kuhlii, Eptesicus serotinus, Pipistrellus javanicus, Pipistrellus dormeri and Scotoecus pallidus) and two new country records (Myotis formosus and Miniopterus fuliginosis) gives credence to the idea that distribution ranges of most of the bat species has change over the past sixty years. Thus serious scientific studies are needed to redefine distribution ranges and identify species specific habitats using global positioning system and radio-telemetric studies.
3. Reconfirmation of bat taxonomy. Genetic analysis of none of the bat species of the country has been made using molecular markers thus leaving behind a chance to doubt identification of cryptic bat species. Thus molecular genetic studies of all the bat species of the country is highly recommended which may also lead to the discovery of such bat taxa which are new to science.
4. Bat call library. The only bat detector (Patterson D 1000X) present in the country fell down from my hand in a water body and became out of order. So none of the bat could be recorded. Bat call analysis has boosted bat identification throughout the world but the
Summary
186
lack of such sophisticated equipment in the country has become a major bottle neck in the establishment of a bat call library.
5. Awareness campaigns. Majority of the countrymen are unaware of the ecological services rendered by bats. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the major fruit growing region of the country. Based on misperceptions, the locals consider all bats as vermin and kill them ruthlessly. Conservation education to highlight the significance of bats must be included in the curriculum of children at primary school level so that they may adopt a pro-conservation attitude in the first few years of their personality building. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2610-T] (1).
1040.
Chemical Microbiological And Toxicological Evaluation Of Pharmaceutical Effluent Wastewater
by Ali Sharif (2011-VA-266) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum .
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pharmaceutical effluent being a complex mixture of drugs and heavy metals may affect human health exhibiting a strong potential of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induction along with pathological changes in various organs of the body. The current study was focused to quantify the presence of heavy metals, detection of various drugs, determining the bacterial load along with isolation and identification of different bacteria and assessment of the mutagenic and genotoxic, cytotoxic and oxidative stress induction of pharmaceutical effluent wastewater when exposed to sheep lymphocytes, Salmonella typhimurium strains, cell lines and rats respectively.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to quantify heavy metals and showed the presence of arsenic, chromium, lead and iron in concentrations above the normal limits recommended by WHO and EPA. Gas Chromatograph mass spectrophotometer analysis shown the presence of digitoxin, lignocaine, caffeine and trimethoprim and various other organic pollutants.
Microbiological evaluation showed a high bacterial load in the pharmaceutical waste water. Several bacteria were also found in PEW in the presence of different drugs and heavy metals. Aeromonas sobria, Micrococcus varians, Staphyoloccus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium showed tolerance to potassium di chromate and copper sulphate and resistance to various antibiotic discs.
Ames assay revealed a strong mutagenic potential with and without the presence of metabolic activation mixtures. A concentration dependent effect was observed when samples were tested with increasing dilution factor.
MTT assay and comet assay also showed a concentration dependent effect. The BHK-21 cell line was used to evaluate cytotoxicity and cell viability decreased with increasing concentration of PEW. Sheep lymphocytes used in comet assay exhibited a concentration dependent DNA damage.
Different antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated. Rats were exposed to PEW at different concentrations and following 60 days oral exposure, rats were evaluated for the presence of total superoxide dismutase, catalase and hydrogen peroxide in kidney, liver and plasma. Exposure to Pharmaceutical waste water significantly decreased the (TSOD), (CAT) and (H2O2) levels in plasma, liver and kidney. Treatment with Vitamin E significantly ameliorated the levels of enzymes.
Exposed rats were also evaluated for any pathological changes. Coagulative necrosis of renal epithelial cells were observed along with severe degeneration and cellular swelling in hepatocytes of hepatic cord.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2600-T] (1).
1041.
Development Of Novel mtDNA Metabarcodes For Species Differentiation Of Class Mammalia
by Rabia Latif (2014-VA-952) | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Akhtar Ali.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The Folmer COI mtDNA universal primers that are considered standard for DNA barcoding of life contain so many mismatches against the target sequences of vertebrate origin that they often end in failure to amplify many of vertebrate DNA extractions. This discrepancy favors for the selection and designing of new metabarcode primers that can be used to identify all individuals of vertebrates or at least all individuals represented in a class of Vrtebrata such as Class Mammalia. The current study embarks on such an endeavor. In this study development of new mtDNA metabarcode (16SrRNA) that can be used as universal primers to amplify almost all species of Class Mammals for different forensic and molecular biodiversity analyses.
Mitochondrion, the energy coins for the cell, performs the function of the oxidative phosphorylation and the formation of ATP also called energy coins for the cell. Mammalian mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is a double stranded, circular, covalently closed molecule of approximately size of 16.4 kb. The mtDNA is inherited from the mother as a haploid and heteroplasmy has been found hardly.This fact makes it potentially relevant in the identification of maternal relationships, absence of recombination and the fast rate of evolution Blood/tissue samples were collected from Class Mammals (one specimen from every order reported to be present in Pakistan). DNA was extracted from the collected specimens through standard organic method, qualified and quantified and then PCR-amplified using novel universal primers selected from aligned mtDNA sequences originating from all mammalian mitochondrial DNA genomes submitted to different online sequence databases such as NCBI nucleotide database. The sensitivity of PCR also be assessed using a range of DNA concentrations. The amplified products were sequenced on ABI Genetic Analyzed following Sanger’s dideoxy method of
Summary
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sequencing. The correctness of obtained mtDNA sequences were examined visually in Chromas Lite 2.1 software and then alignment of these sequences were performed against highly similar DNA sequences in NCBI nucleotide databases using BLAST in order to identify the origin of unknown mtDNA sequences. Both sequencing experiments and phylogenetic studies confirmed the specificity of the universal primer set developed and present a novel metabarcode found in this region of genome (16SrRNA) for species level identification of large number of mammalian species. So, in future, this barcode can be used for species identification in various fields of study such as meat adulteration, illegal trade, food mislabeling and molecular estimation of biodiversity. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2618-T] (1).
1042.
Development Of Novel Mtdna Metabarcodes For The Species Differentiation Of Class Aves
by Syeda Rida Mehak Sherazi (2010-VA-477) | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. M. Yasir Zahoor | Mr. Shahid Abbas.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The Folmer COI mtDNA universal primers that are considered standard for DNA barcoding of life contain so many mismatches against the target sequences of vertebrate origin that they often end in failure to amplify many of vertebrate DNA extractions. This discrepancy favors for the selection and designing of new metabarcode primers that can be used to identify all individuals of vertebrates or at least all individuals represented in a class of Vertebrata such as Class Aves. The current study embarks on such an endeavor. In this study development of new mtDNA metabarcode (16SrRNA) that can be used as universal primers to amplify almost all species of Class Aves for different forensic and molecular biodiversity analyses.
Blood/feather/tissue samples were collected from Class Aves (one specimen from every order reported to be present in Pakistan). DNA was extracted from the collected specimens through standard organic method, qualified and quantified and then PCR-amplified using novel universal primers selected from aligned mtDNA sequences originating from all Aves mitochondrial DNA genomes submitted to different online sequence databases such as NCBI nucleotide database. The sensitivity of PCR also be assessed using a range of DNA concentrations. The amplified products were sequenced on ABI Genetic Analyzer following Sanger’s dideoxy method of sequencing. The correctness of obtained mtDNA sequences were examined visually in Chromas Lite 2.1 software and then alignment of these sequences were performed against highly similar DNA sequences in NCBI nucleotide databases using BLAST in order to identify origin of unknown mtDNA sequences. With the help of sequencing and phylogenetic studies specificity of the universal primer set confirmed and presented as a novel metabarcode (16SrRNA) for species level identification of large number of Avian species
In summary, we present universal method for species classification of Aves using a targeted parallel sequencing approach. Both sequencing and phylogenetic studies experiments confirm
Summary
82
specificity of universal primer set. Although promising results were obtained with current settings, rapid improvement of bench top instruments will further develop method with less hands-on, fewer sequencing errors and lower detection limit. So, in future, this barcode can be used for species identification in various fields of study such as meat adulteration, illegal trade, food mislabeling and molecular estimation of biodiversity. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2617-T] (1).
1043.
Clinico-biochemical Studies on Detomidine Analgesia and Effects of its Combinatios on Animals
by Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the newly introduced imidazole derivative, drug "detomidine" with alpha-2 adr2noceptor binding properties, and its various combinations in animals. A clinico-hiochemical study was carried out to explore the various aspects of a novel sedative and analgesic drug. Analgesia was evaluated by performing castration in small ruminants, rumenal fistulization in large ruminants, skin prick test, electric stimulation, and developing an experimental colic model in donkeys. The parameters used to evaluate analgesia revealed that detomidine has greater potential to lessen the pain during minor and major surgical interventions in different animals. However, its local usage to achieve paravertebral and epidural analgesia proved that detomidine produces general effect after getting into the circulation and very poor local effect. It has been concluded that the drug can be used as preanaesthetic with chloral hydrate and pentothal sodium anaesthesia to perform major surgical exercises in equine and canine respectively. In addition it has an edge over other sedative drugs on account of its undetrimental effect on various physiological parameters of the animals. Clinical trials have proved that detomidine "a novel sedative and analgesic" is a drug of choice for restraining, examination, and minor and major surgical manipulations on equine, bovine, caprine, ovine and canine species without any untoward effects. Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
1044.
Hamara Deeni Nizam e Taleem
by Dr. Muhammad Ameen.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Markaz Tahqeeq e Islami; 2004Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.77 Ameen 22210 1st 2004 Islam] (1).
1045.
Effects And Remedial Measures Of Aflatoxin B1 On Bovine Calves In Punjab
by Omer Naseer (2002-VA-65) | Dr. Jawairia Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Aflatoxins B1 are most toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus fungi in/on foods and feeds, probably best known and most intensively researched aflatoxins globally. AFB1 have been associated with several diseases, e.g. aflatoxicosis in livestock, pets including humans throughout the world. Occurrence of AFB1 is influenced by certain environmental factors like geographic location, agro-economic practices and susceptibility of feed commodities to fungal invasion during pre-harvest, storage, and processing periods. AFB1 has grabbed greater attention than any other mycotoxins due to their demonstrated potent carcinogenic effect in susceptible animals and their acute toxicological effects in humans. As the absolute safety will be never achieved, most of the world struggled to limit aflatoxin exposure by imposing regulations on feed commodities.
So, in this study, we had collected 67 concentrated samples, thirty six samples from Gujranwala and thirty one from Kasur to examine the occurrence of aflatoxin B1. The aims of this study were to investigate the aflatoxin B1 in calf feed, effect of different concentrations of aflatoxin B1 on productive performance of calves and determine the comparative efficacy of commercially available mycotoxin binders and liver tonics against AFB1 in bovine calves. Feed samples were obtained from different livestock farms and cattle feed mills, toxin levels in each feed sample were determined by HPLC. AFB1 level was higher at feed mills (40.33±2.21 ppb and 49.0±1.95 ppb) than farms (34.96±2.65 ppb and 44.95±2.41 ppb) both in Gujranwala and Kasur respectively. Fungus was isolated and grown on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar on the basis of microscopic characters and species within genus characterized by colony characters/macroscopic characters, mostly Aspergillus species was present in the feed samples which produce mycotoxins. The second most prevalent species were the Fusarium. Mucor and the Pencillium were respectively third and fourth in number. Our results have shown that Alternaria was not present in Gujranwala and Rhizopus was absent in the feed samples collected from the Kasur. Out of mycotoxin contaminated concentrate feed samples, the highest frequency of Aspergillus (43.3%) was observed, followed by Fusaram (38.8%), Mucor (8.9%), Penicillium(5.9%), Rhizopus (1.5%) and Alternaria species (1.5%).
Our results also indicated that growth of Aspergillus spp. can be minimized by controlling the different factors like pH, temperature, light and humidity, which are essential for the proper growth and development. The antifungal activity of methanolic extract of clove, neem and garlic was also determined in which maximum MIC showed by garlic.
Thirty six bovine calves of 6 to 12 months of age were kept in UVAS, Pattoki campus (Ravi Campus) .in four different replicates having 9 animals each. Different concentrations, i.e. 0.6 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg was administered along with concentrated feed and check out productive performance along with physiological profile. The most pathological concentration of aflatoxin B1 in experiment number 3 was given to the two groups of bovine calves along with two different commercially available mycotoxin binders i.e. Yeast based and second one was clay based HSCAS mycotoxin binder at recommended doses. Efficacy of mycotoxin binders on feed samples was analyzed by using HPLC and also evaluates the productive performance of the animals.Efficacy of two liver tonics i.e.silymarin and choline chloride was observed on CBC, LFT and RFT of bovine calves.
Present study has clearly displayed the adverse effect of aflatoxin B1 on feed consumption, hematological and serum biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney in bovine calf. Results indicated that HSCAS mycotoxin adsorbent was able to fully detoxify aflatoxin B1. Silymarin had great impact on the liver to cope the adverse effects of the AFB1 as compared to the choline chloride, which was proved with the help of CBC, LFT and RFT.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2630-T] (1).
1046.
Identification And Expression Analysis Of Genes Involved In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder In Pakistani Population
by Javeria (2008-VA-627) | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The background of this study is that WHO reports that psychiatry disorders affect worldwide 0.8 to 2% population. Anxiety illnesses are a class of illness associated with unreasonable and disturbing sensation of fear and tension. There are several types of anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social phobia, OCD. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic disabling condition. OCD is characterized by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, and impulses and by repetitive, ritualistic physical or mental acts performed to reduce the attendant anxiety. The severity of OCD depends on the amount obsessions and compulsions. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) is a reliable and consistent scoring system that can be used to categorize OCD. The major genes involve in OCD are SLC6A4, BDNF, SLC1A1 and COMT genes.
The study was enrolled patients treated for OCD. Blood samples have been collected from the patients. DNA extracted from fresh blood. Primers were designed. Then DNA amplification have done by Bio-Rad thermal cycler. Then gel electrophoresis was done for PCR product quantification. PCR products precipitated and sequenced. SNPs were identified. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed for each sample with TaqMan Universal PCR mastermix which showed down regulation of COMT gene in OCD patients in Pakistani population.
The aim of this study was SNP identification in Pakistani Population in Obsessive Compulsive disorder and to analyze the gene expression of COMT gene involved in OCD in Pakistani Population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2620-T] (1).
1047.
Monitoring Of Humoral Immune Response Of Monovalent And Combined Ppr And Fmd Serotype “O” Virus Vaccine In Small Ruminants
by Mudassar Hameed (2009-VA-386) | Dr. Jawad Nazir | DR. M. ZUBAIR SHABBIR | DR. MUHAMMAD IMRAN.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: PPR is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants caused by morbilivirus. It causes high morbidity and mortality in small ruminants and heavy economical loses to farmers. Live attenuated vaccines are commonly used to control PPR. FMD is another highly contagious viral disease of cloven hoofed animals caused by picorna virus. Its severity is relatively high in large ruminants but carrier status of small ruminants is usually observed. In large ruminants killed FMD virus vaccines are routinely used but in small ruminants it is not practiced in Pakistan. There was need to formulate a combined vaccine containing both PPR and FMD viruses which will help to control both of the diseases in small ruminants.
.
A total of 100 goats were divided into 10 groups comprising 10 animals in each group. Each of the vaccine such as PPRV, FMDV and PPRV+FMDV was be prepared without adjuvant, gel and oil based. A total of nine types of vaccines were inoculated in the respective groups while one group remained un-inoculated negative control. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n=5). One subgroup was received single dose and the other inoculated with two doses of the vaccine. Serum samples from each goat were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months post vaccination (PV) and kept frozen at -20 ºC. Immune response of the vaccinated animals was monitored by measuring antibodies against PPR and FMD viruses through cELISA and VNT.
Results of the present study showed that mean percentage inhibition (MPI) value against PPR virus of non-adjuvant, gel and oil based combined (PPR+FMD) vaccines at six month post-vaccination was 83.46 ± 2.25, 80.27 ± 2.13 and 82.16 ± 1.70 respectively, whereas mean
x
neutralization antibody titer (MNA) was 4.39± 0.37, 4.06± 0.26 and 4.49 ±0.46 respectively. MPI value against FMD virus of combined (PPR+FMD) non-adjuvant, gel and oil based vaccines at six month post-vaccination was 90.17 ± 1.15, 67.22 ± 3.14 and 72.22 ± 2.04 respectively, whereas mean neutralization antibody titer (MNA) was 2.33 ± 0.27, 1.47 ± 0.10 and 1.83 ± 0.16 respectively. These MPI and MNA values showed that immune response against PPRV of combined vaccines was equivalent but non-adjuvant combined vaccine have evoked higher titer followed by oil and gel based vaccines against FMDV.
MPI values of non-adjuvant, gel and oil based monovalent PPRV vaccines at six month post-vaccination was 81.46 ± 2.22, 80.12 ± 2.13 and 81.28 ± 0.70 respectively, whereas mean neutralization antibody titer (MNA) was 4.59 ± 0.17, 4.25± 0.06 and 4.51 ±0.12 respectively.
MPI values of non-adjuvant, gel and oil based monovalent FMDV vaccines at six month post-vaccination was 00.00 ± 0.00, 82.23 ± 4.18 and 90.22 ± 0.43 respectively, whereas mean neutralization antibody titer (MNA) was 0.00 ± 0.00, 1.63 ± 0.10 and 2.99 ±0.16 respectively.
These MPI and MNA values showed that monovalent PPR vaccines induced equivalent immune response in all three formulations but monovalent FMD vaccines MPI and MNA values showed that oil based vaccine has provoked significantly higher titer followed by gel based vaccine. Whereas non-adjuvant FMD vaccine titer was diminished at one month post vaccination. Booster vaccine shots provoked higher antibody titer than single shots in all various formulations of vaccines.
The data thus obtained was analyzed through One Way ANOVA followed by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2635-T] (1).
1048.
Microbiome Analysis Of Human Normal Specific Flora From Skin Of Laborers And Academic Professionals Of Lahore For Forensic Application
by Talha Umair (2014-VA-941) | Dr. Wasim Shehzad | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Human microbiota or normal flora is the aggregate of microorganisms that resides on the
surface of skin, oral mucosa, conjunctiva and GIT. Human skin has a complex variety of
microbial system and varieties of microbes mean that they are potential source of forensic
identification because human microbiome varies individual to individual due to differences
in hygiene, professions and region to region because of some environmental factors and
microbial flora can shed more frequently upon touching any kind of surfaces and microbes
are left for long time at any surface so can be identified easily.
Human microbiota varies individual to individual so it may become potential source for
forensic identification of individuals through specific microbiome analysis.
Fourty Samples were obtained by swabbing from the palm surfaces of hands and soles of feet
of individuals of different professional groups in order to recover bacterial communities.
Bacterial culturing and Bacterial DNA extraction followed by the implementation of 16S
rRNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the PCR
product, allowed an even more comprehensive broad range investigation of bacterial
communities. Bioinformatics analysis was done to compare microbial communities.
This research elaborated the significance of skin microbial communities in identifying
individuals and can be a major contribution in forensic science to find and identify
individuals when there is less major evidence, i.e. human DNA and body fluids. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2639-T] (1).
1049.
Molecular And Serological Characterization Of Soilborne Francisella Tularensis
by Javed Muhammad (2010-VA-65) | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Wasim.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Tularemia, caused by Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis ), is a zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with infected animals and contaminated environment. The disease has been reported from many countries of the world but no study has been done in Pakistan. In the current project, a total of 2280 soil samples representing 456 villages of eight districts of Punjab province were collected from way-points having human-animal interaction, processed for genomic extraction and tested through real time PCR for presence or absence of F. tularensis. Association of risk factors was determined from data such as gender and age of animals, plough method, irrigation system, fertilizer type used, availability of veterinary services, level of farmer education, physical and chemical composition of the soil. Moreover, sero-prevalence against F. tularensis in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats was determined using ELISA. Seventy four soil samples (3.24 percent) were found positive for F. tularensis. Phylogenetic analysis showed 100 percent similarity index with F. tularensis sub specie holarctica reported from other regions like USA, Sweden, Spain, Turkey and Germany. Presence of F. tularensis in soil showed negative association with increase in number of human density (0.7159; 0.3834-0.2054). Prevalence of anti- F. tularensis ELISA antibodies were significantly higher (p<0.05) in large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) as compared to small ruminants (goat and sheep). Age and gender-wise analyses showed non-significant differences (p>0.05) between small and large ruminants. Whereas, rain-irrigation system (2.96: 1.35- 6.48), lack of veterinary services (4.77:1.26-18.03) and use of organic fertilizer (5.3: 11.38- 20.39) have positive association with prevalence of anti- F. tularensis ELISA antibodies in the serum. Sero-prevalence of Ft in the animals has significant association with quantity of clay in soil (p<0.05). A conventional PCR based test has also been optimized for
Summary
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detection of F. tularensis using tul4 gene specific primers. Specificity of primer showed F. tularensis detection in soil DNA in the presence of other cross-reactive organism. Sensitivity was determined in two fold dilutions with detection limit of up to 320 pg/μL. Utilizing pET28a vector, a construct was prepared containing transformed tul4 gene (450bp) showing 100 percent sequence homology to query gene sequence. For manufacturing diagnostic assays especially in developing countries where availability of BSL-3 facilities and positive control reagents is an issue, provision of tul4 gene based constructs in vector can act as positive control and biosafe to use.
It is recommended that similar studies may be done in other parts of Pakistan to have spatial distribution of F. tularensis all over Pakistan. In future studies, other sources of transmission like water, ticks and rodents may be considered with soil for complete analysis. Transportation of whole genome of F. tularensis has been prohibited by Russian government, ATCC and CDC, WHO is working on designing a complete protocol for transportation of this bacteria or genome to other countries. Under such situation, conventional PCR optimization can be done for diagnosis of F. tularensis and pET28+tul4 constructs, developed in this study, can be used as a PCR positive control reagents. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2640-T] (1).
1050.
Antioxidant Charactristics And Lipolysis Of Gouda Cheese Fortified With Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Kernel Oil
by Sadaqat Ali (2010-VA-374) | Dr. Muhammad Nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Naveed ul Haq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Oil from mango kernels was extracted by mechanical expression and solvent extraction (nhexane).
Mechanically expressed and solvent extracted oil was pooled for using in Gouda
cheese. Mango kernel oil was added in cheese milk at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% concentration;
control was comprised of 100% milk fat. Mango kernel oil and freshly prepared Gouda cheese
fortified with mango kernel oil was characterized for total phenolic contents, DPPH free radical
scavenging activity, antioxidant activity in linoleic acid, nitric oxide free radical scavenging
activity and total flavonoids. Ripening of Gouda cheese was carried out for 3 months at 8±2oC;
fat, protein, ash, moisture content were estimated at 0, 45 and 90 days of ripening Fat, protein
and moisture content in cheese were determined at 0, 45 and 90 days of ripening. Free fatty
acids, peroxide value, iodine value and cholesterol in Gouda samples were analyzed for interval
of 45 days by using the standard methods. Fatty acid composition of fresh and 3 months stored
Gouda cheese was determined on a Gas Chromatograph.
Each treatment was replicated three times, each sample was analyzed three times and Experiment
was planned in a completely randomized design, two ways analysis of variance technique was
used to determine the effect of treatment, storage and their interaction. Duncan Multiple Range
Test was used to denote the significant difference among the treatments (Steel et al. 1997).
This novel research work opened a new strategy for the development of functional foods,
application of mango kernel oil in complex food substrates with efficient waste utilization.
Fortification of Gouda cheese with mango kernel oil significantly improved the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contents, increased total
flavonoids. Cheese fortified with mango kernel oil revealed the existence of mangiferin,
Sammary
44
catechin, quercetin caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. Lipolytic changes in the cheese fortified
with mango kernel oil up to 10% concentration was similar to that of control with no difference
in sensory attributes. So Antioxidant characteristics of cheese can be improved through mango
kernel oil fortification. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2638-T] (1).
