1.
Studies On Histopathology Of Brain And Salivary Glands Of Dogs Suspected For Rabies
by Shakil Akhtar Khan | Tufail Muhammed Khan | Ata-Ur-Rehman | Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Rabies is a fatal viral disease of all warm blooded animals, including man. Because of its highly fatal nature it is the most notorious and dreaded disease in dogs. The disease in man is characterized by an emotional and neurological disorders with relfex excitability, paralysis and death. The infectious agent of rabies is a neurotropic member of the family Rhabdoviridae found in the nerve tissue, tears, saliva, salivary glands and rarely in other body fluids.
A total of thirty stray dogs and thirty dogs suspected for rabies were included in the present work. From the both groups, the impression smear5were prepared (of hippocampus, cerebellum and mandibular salivary gland) for detection of Negri bodies. Biological test in mice and histopathological changes of bippocampus, cerebellum and mandibular salivary glauds were noted. Out of 30 stray dogs the impression smears of three hippocampus and one cerebellum were doubtful for Negri bodies and all the mandibular salivary glands were negative, for Negri bodies. The biological test in mice was negative for rabies in all stray dogs. The impression smears from thirty dogs suspected for rabies, showed Negri bodies in twelve hippocampus, seven cerebellum and all the mandibular salivary glands were found negative for Negri bodies. Seventeen dogs out of 30 dogs were biological positive for rabies. Histopathological changes were observed in fourteen hippocampus, fourteen cerebellum and ten mandibular salivary glands.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0262,T] (1).
2.
Pathology Of Experimentally Induced Stunting Syndrome In Broilers
by Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Mian | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: One hundred and twenty, day-old commercial broiler chicks were obtained. These chicks were divided randomly into two equal groups i.e. control (A) and treatment (B). Each chick of both the groups was weighed and then dosed with one ml of either tryptose phosphate broth (A) or prepared inocula (B) at the same day. Chicks of both the groups were housed separately under similar standard managemental conditions. By 1-2 days of inoculation it was observed that the affected birds of group-B were having pasty vents and diarrhoea of yellow to brownish color. They were having a hunched appearance, ruffled feathers and drooping wings. By 4- 5th day of age an unevenness in the size of inoculated birds was quite obvious. By second week of age some underweight birds had feather developing problems and they were lame showing the lesions of tenosynovitis. In the subsequent period of experiment it was noticed that these severely affected birds had few ruffled, short broken-shaft mature wing feathers and in the later stages of experiment these birds had pale combs, wattles and shanks. During 28-days experiment 20% of the inoculated birds died while none of the bird died amongst the control group.
Each chick of both the groups was weighed at the end of every seven days upto day-28 of the experiment. While to determine the "Feed Conversion Ratio" (FCR) sufficient amount of feed was provided to each group and the remaining feed in feeding troughs was calculated at the same weekly intervals. It was statistically concluded that birds of group-B remained significantly lighter in the weight at all the stages of experiment with severely impaired "Feed Conversion Ratio".
By 29th day of the experiment 23-stunted birds from group-B and an equal number of normal birds from group-A were slaughtered, all of these birds were weighed prior to and post slaughtering. Then the weight of skin, dressed carcasses, muscles, bones, and all the internal organs was also ascertained and their ercentage weight relative to the respective live weight of bird was also determined. During the dressing the gross lesions observed were also recorded. It was observed that the stunted birds were severely emaciated and their skeleton was brittle which broke easily during dislocation. The intestine of the affected birds were palor and filled with partially digested feed and gases. The pancreas and the lymphoid organs were severely atrophied. The lungs, kidneys and the liver were congested, while the heart was having the lesions of focal rnyocarditis.
Then some of the affected organs (intestines, pancreas, liver, spleen, kidney, femur bone and muscles) were processed for histopathological examination. Although all of these organs were having the characteristic changes hut amongst them the pancreas was the most severely affected organ which revealed the classical histopathological alterations necessary for understanding the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Whereas affected spleen presented reduced number of lymphoid follicles with less number of lymphocytes per follicle indicating incidence of immuno-suppression. The datas obtained during present study were analysed statistically by applying student's t-test.
Hence we can estimate a successful induction of the syndrome by a crude intestinal homogenate prepared from the affected birds under local conditions.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0352,T] (1).
3.
Study Of The Pathogenesis Of Oedema In Broiler Chicks Affected With Hydropericardium Pulmonary
by Shirin Munir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Rashid | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: For this research project 120 one-day old broiler chicks were divided into two groups i.e., A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with the H.P.S. agent at 15 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After the appearance of the syndrome serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds and then they were all perfused with 1% silver nitrate solution. Tissue samples from heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and bursa of fabricius were collected, processed and slides were prepared and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique. In addition, tissue sections from all the organs were also stained by Silver nitrate impregnation technique.
The most peculiar post-mortem finding was over distension of the pericardial sac with clear or amber coloured fluid. The heart was mis-shaped, flabby with petechial haemorrhages on the epicardium. The liver was congested, swollen, friable with multiple pale areas of necrosis. Kidneys were enlarged, congested and dark in colour. The renal tissue was found to be much friable. Lungs were oedematous, congested and dark. The spleen showed congestion and haemorrhages. Bursa of fabricius was found to have normal appearance in some cases while in others showed slight atrophy.
For this research project 120 one-day old broiler chicks were divided into two groups i.e., A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with the H.P.S. agent at 15 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After the appearance of the syndrome serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds and then they were all perfused with 1% silver nitrate solution. Tissue samples from heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and bursa of fabricius were collected, processed and slides were prepared and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique. In addition, tissue sections from all the organs were also stained by Silver nitrate impregnation technique.
The most peculiar post-mortem finding was over distension of the pericardial sac with clear or amber coloured fluid. The heart was mis-shaped, flabby with petechial haemorrhages on the epicardium. The liver was congested, swollen, friable with multiple pale areas of necrosis. Kidneys were enlarged, congested and dark in colour. The renal tissue was found to be much friable. Lungs were oedematous, congested and dark. The spleen showed congestion and haemorrhages. Bursa of fabricius was found to have normal appearance in some cases while in others showed slight atrophy.
The histopathological study of tissue sections stained by H&E staining technique revealed necrosis, accumulation of mononuclear cells and haemorrhages in the heart. The characteristic feature of liver was coagulative necrosis with disruption of hepatic cords. Some hepatocytes had basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Renal tissue showed massive necrosis and degeneration of tubular epithelium along with lymphocytic infiltration. The lungs had oederna and mononuclear cell infiltration. The spleen showed degeneration, necrosis and haernorrhages while bursa of fabricius exhibited disruptions in the epithelial covering of its follicles.
Silver nitrate impregnation explored distinct changes in the blood vessels. There was disruption of the capillary endothelium along with accumulation of oedema fluid around the capillaries and an increase in the size of intercellular spaces.
The data, obtained by the analysis of serum, statistically indicated that the concentration of serum sodium, potassium, urea and uric acid increased greatly whereas the total serum proteins were markedly decreased in the affected birds. Thus it can be concluded from this study that disruption of the capillary endothelium and severe damage and malfunctioning of the heart, liver and kidneys appear to play a predominant role in the development of edema in this syndrome.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0357,T] (1).
4.
A Study On The Pathology Of Internal Genital Organs Of Female Canmel (Camelus Dromedarius)
by Yasser Mustafa Butt, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. M. Athar | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: A total of 260 ovaries, 260 oviduct, and 130 cervices of 130 female camels including 15 female camel calves, 34 female camel heifer and 81 adult female camels were collected from the Lahore abattoir.
Biometrical values of normal ovaries, oviduct and cervices also determined. The biometrical values of both left and right ovaries comprising of length, width, thickness and weight were recorded. Statistically there was no difference in the measurements of both left and right ovaries which however, increased with the advancement of age of camel.
The mean length of the oviducts of these 3 age groups of female camels determined. There was no difference between the mean length of both left and right oviduct of same group but difference between the group and the length of the oviducts increased with the advancement of age.
The mean length of cervices and cervical annular rings of female camels of the 3 age groups were also determined. The mean length of cervices correlated well with the number of rings.
The incidence of diseased condition of ovaries and cervices in the 3 age groups were also noted which revealed that the incidence of diseased condition of ovaries in camel calves was nil and in heifer ovarian hypoplasia (2.94%) on left ovaries and follicular cyst (1.23%) in adult female camels on the left ovary.
The incidence of diseased condition of cervices in camel calves was nil, mucocervix (2.96%) in heifers and 2.46% including mucocervix (1.23%) and cervicitis (1.23%) in adult camels. The multiple diseased condition was found (1.53%) out of 130 genitalia.
The gross and histological findings of each diseased conditions were studied.
Haematological parameters i.e. Total leukocytic count and Differential leukocytic count studied in both normal and diseased conditions. The normal Total leukocytic values were higher in calf than heifer and adult. Differential leukocytic values were higher in adult. The neutrophils numbers were higher while basophils were lower. The values of Total leukocytic count and Differential leukocytic count were also increased in diseased condition.
The biometrical norms of ovary, oviduct and cervix have been established which could be used as yard stick in diagnosis of pregnancy in female camels. The study of diseased conditions of. ovary and cervices has line-lighted the type of disease and their extent in camel. The haemotological studies including Total leukocytic and Differential leukocytic count in both normal and diseased conditions will also helpful. Based on the information, prophylactic and control measure can better be formulated.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0369,T] (1).
5.
Effect Of Vitamin E Deficiency And Excess On Immune System Of Broiler Chickens
by Fauzia Kaukab Bashir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study was carried out to investigate whether different dietary levels of vitamin E (recommended, deficient and excess) had any detrimental or beneificial effect on body weight gain, lymphoid organs, haemalotogical values, humoral response to NDV-vacci nation, eel I ular response to tuberculin and phagocytic activity of neutrophils of broiler chickens.
The study indicated that vitamin E supplementation 300 lU/Kg feed had beneficial effects on the weight gain of birds, weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; feed intake and feed conversion ratio; serum antibody development against NDV vaccination; phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index. Whereas, vitamin E deficiency adversely affects the body weight gain; weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; feed intake and feed conversion ratio, serum antibody development NDV vaccination; Phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index.
No significant effect of vitamin E supplementation/deficiecy was noted on haematological values.
From the results of this study it is concluded that vitamin E is not an immunosuppressive agent when used at recommended leavels or even in excess. Vitamin E deficient level in diet lowersthe immunocompetance of broiler chicken, whereas vitamin E excess level in diet improved immune responses and body weight gain.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0388,T] (1).
6.
Studies On Blood Chemistry And Histopathological Alteration Induced By Mycoplasma Gallisepticum In Broiler
by Shahida Parveen | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asif | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: For this project 120 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into two equal groups i.e. A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum at 7 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After 21 days of post infection serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds during slaughtering. Tissue samples from lungs, liver and trachea were collected and processed for histopathological examination.
The postmortem findings revealed catarrhal exudate in the flares, sinuses, trachea, lungs and oedema of airsacs wall. The lungs were congested, dark in colour and inflammed. Liver showed fibri nopurulent perihepatitis, haemorrhages and congestion. Trachea was found to have a tenacious viscous cloudy exudate which was adherent to the tracheal wall.
The histopathological sections showed oedema, haemorrhages, congestion, massive infiltration of monocytes and heterophils in the lungs. The liver showed evidence of necrosis, haemorrhages and infiltration of heterophils, lymphocytes in interlobular spaces around portal vessels. The trachea showed epithelial and submucosal infiltration with lymphocytes, hypertrophy of epithelial mucous glands' and some catarrhal exudate on the mucosal surface. Sloughing of mucosa with variable degree was noted.
The data, obtained by the analysis of serum, statistically indicated that the concentration of serum uric acid, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase and serum lactic dehydrogenase was increased significantly in infected birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0396,T] (1).
7.
Comparative Study On Pathology Of Hemic System Of Three Broiler Chicken Strains Suffering From Experimental
by Farrukh Hasan Zaidi | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr Mubashar | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashrrf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Three hundred day old broiler chicks of three different strains (one hundred of each strain) were obtained from the market. The strains were Hubbard (H) Lohmann (L) and Indian River (IR). The chicks of each strain was divided into two groups of equal number, which were further subdivided into two subgroups. The subgroups Al, A2 ; C1, C2 ; and El, E2 were kept as uninoculated control and subgroups B1, B2 ; Dl, D2 and Fl, F2 where inoculated with HPS antigen subcutanoously at the age of 21 days. The number of diseased chicks who died or slaughtered were counted. The maximum number of chicks showed HPS and died and slaughtered, i.e 66% belonged to H, followed by 30% which were JR and then the L which were 24%.
The haematologlcal values of all the broilers affected with lIPS were determined. In Hubbard strain the mean ±S.E of TEC was 2.02 ± 0.06 million percubic millimeters, TLC 12.57 ± 0.51 thousand per cubic millimeter, Thrombocyte count 28.60 ± 0.40 thousand per cubic millimeter, Hb content 6.51 ± 0.16, PCV 26.05 ± 0.58, ESR 3.63 ± 0.21. The thousand per cubic milimeter. The PLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 55.16 ± 0.54, monocytes 3.00 ± 0.32% heterophils 40.26 ± 0.39%, eosinphils 0.89 ±. 0.18% and basophils 0.68 ± 0.15.
In Lohznann strain the mean j S.Eof TEC was 2.14 ± 0.11 million per cubic millimeter, TLC 18.85 ± 0.2.4 thousand per cubic millimeter, Thrombocyte count 28.42 ± 0.53 thousand per cubic millimeter, Hb content 7.51 ± 0.21, PVC 27.14 ± 0.68, ESR 3.28 ± 0.28. The DLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 58.28 ± 0.82%, moaocytes 3.80 ± 0.31%, heterophils 36.00 ± 0.90%, eosinophils 1.14 ± 0.24% and basophils 0.7l ± 0.26.
In Indian River strain the mean ± S.E of TEC was 2.08 ± 0.07 million per cubic millimeter, TLC 16.10 ± 0.78 thousand per cubic millimeter, thrombocyte count 28.58 ± 0.53, Hb content 7.38 ± 0.15, PVC 26.8 t. 0.58, ESR 3.20 ± 0.24. The DLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 55.60 0.47%, monocytes 3.30 . 0.28, heterophils 39.30 ± 0.49%, eosinophils 0.90 .0.17 amd basophils 0.80 ±. 0.27.
Gross pathological lesions in the inoculated bizds were studied. The heart showed ballooning due to distention of pericardial sac with pericardial fluid. Other lesions Included haemorrhages on the epicardium and flabbiness of the mycordium .tJnder the microscope, degenerative changes in myocordial tissue were seen. Lesions in the spleen included splenomegaly and haemorraghic spots. Histopathologically there were degeneration, necrosis, and haemorrhages. Aorta showed flabbiness of the wall. The disruption of endothelium was also discerned.
Keeping in view all the above findings, It Is concluded that there is a marked difference in uaceptibility of HPS among three different commercial broiler strains and HPS also effects a lot on the hemic system of the broiler. The Hubbard broiler strain is more susceptible which is followed by the Indian River and Lohmann respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0397,T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Vitamin A Deficiency And Excess On Immune System Of Broiler Chickens
by Ahmad Raza | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary levels of vitamin A (Excess, deficient and recommended) on body weight gain, lymphoid organs, haematological values, humoral response to NDV-vaccination, cellular response to tuberculin and phagocytic activity of neutrophils of broiler chickens.
The results of the study revealed that vitamin A supplementation at 20,000 1U/Kg feed had beneficial effects on the weight gains of birds; weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; serum antibody development against NDV vaccination; feed intake and feed conversion ratio; phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index. Whereas, vitamin A deficiency had adverse effects on body weight gains; weight of lymphoid organs, serum antibody development agaist NDV vaccination, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, phagocytic index and hypersensitivity index.
No significant effect of vitamin A supplementationldeficiency was noted on haematological values.
From the results of this study it can be concluded that vitamin A is not an immunosuppressive agent when used at recommended level or even in excess (for short duration). Vitamin A deficient level in diet had detrimental effects on immune system in terms of lowered humoral and cellular responses and also decreaed phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Whereas, vitamin A supplementation at excess level improves cellular and humoral responses along with improved phagocy bic activity of neutrophils.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0398,T] (1).
9.
Study On The Pathlogy Of Leg Deformity In Broiler Chickens
by Farrukh Khurshid | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Shirin Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The project was designed to. study the pathology of legdeformity in broiler chickens. Fifty leg deformed broiler chickens were collected from 30 commercial poultry farms of Lahore, Kasur and Pattoki. Abnormal posture or gait, reluctanceto walk and twisted, bent, bowed or rotated legs were the presenting signs. Routine post-mortem examination was performed to observe qualitative (severity and direction of deformity, position of gastrocnemius tendon, subjective assessment of bone strength, swollen and enlarged joints) assessment of bones. Four cases of varus, 30 cases of valgus, 14 cases of slipped tendon, 2 cases of dislocated condyles were recorded, in gross pathology 30 cases of dyschondroplasia, 4 cases of rickets, 7 cases of thickening of tendons, 1:3 cases of synovitis, 5 cases of femoral head necrosis, 1 case of bone abcess and 8 cases of curly toes were observed. It was observed that male birds had greater incidence of leg deformity than females Hubbard strain had greater incidence than other strain and It was noted that the most important age of deformity was 2nd and 3rd week of age and Hubbard birds grew fastly at this age and more prone to leg deformity. The affected portions of bones and tendons were processed for histopathological examination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0408,T] (1).
10.
Comparative Study On The Effect Of Experimentally Produced Hydropericardium Syndrome On Some Visceral Organs of Three Different Broiler Chicken Strains
by Imtiaz Rashid Qureshi | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Shahzada Khuram Ashara | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Susceptibility, liver function , kidney function and gross and histopathological changes in different organs among different strains of broilers were studied in this experiment.
For this purpose 300 days old broiler chicks of three different strains (Hubbard,Lohmann and Indian River)were obtained from two different commecial hatcheries .Each strain was divided into two equal groups comprising of 50 birds each. These groups were further subdivided into two equal subqroups comprising of 25 birds each .Sub groups so formed were A1,A2,r3l,E2.Cl.C2,Dl,D2,El,E2,Fl and F2. Sub groups (Bl,B2,Dl,D2,Fl and F2) were challenged with HPS inoculum thiough S/C route on 21st day whereas groups (Al,A2,C1,C2,E1 and E2) were kept as control and inoculated with normal saline through S/C route on the same day. Clinical symptoms observed were depression, ruffled feathers, loose dropings, inappetance, disinclination to move and lowering down the head with beak point rested on the litter. Gross lesions observed were hydropericardium,hepatomagaly,nephritis, congestion and oedema of lungs. Microscopically necrosis, congestion, oedema, haemorrhages and leukocytic infiltration was recorded. For the estimation of liver and kidney function, tests for the estimation of total protein concentration and urea concentration in serum were carriedout which showed significant decrease (P<0.0l)in the total serum protein concentration and significant increase (P>0.0l) in urea concentration in the serum of experimentally challanged chicks.
This study revealed that highest mortality/slaughter occurred in Hubbard strain of broiler in which the increase in the level of urea concentration in the serum of inoculated group was the highest. Similarly lowest mortality/slaughter was recorded in Lohrnann strain in which the increase in the level of urea concentration in the serum of experimentally challenged chicks was the lowest. This study indicated that succeptibility directly depends upon the damage occurred to liver and kidneys.
The decrease in the level of total protein concentration in the serum was almost equal in all strains. As regards mortality this study exhibited that maximum mortality occurred in hubbard strain of broiler and lowest in lohmann strain which indicated that susceptibility for HPS varied among different strain of broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0438,T] (1).
11.
Comparative Study On The Incidence And Pathology Of Morbid Conditions Of Uterus And Cervix Of Teddy And Local Non Descriptive Goats
by Yousaf Hassan Khera | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmed Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The project was designed to study incidence and pathology of uterine and cervical maladies in two breeds (Teddy and Local non- descriptive) of goats. Three hundred uteri and cervices (150 from each breed) of goats of three age groups, 1-2 years, 2-3 years and above three years (50 in each group) were collected from Lahore slaughter house and then thoroughly examined for any gross pathological change. The organs exhibiting macropathological lesions were subjected to morphometric, histopathological and histochemical examinations.
Of the 300 uteri and cervices, 35 (11.66%) showed morbid conditions. In 150 Teddy goats, pathological conditions were observed in, 1-2 years age group 4 (8%), 2-3 years age group 7 (14%) and in above 3 years age group 8 (16%). In 150 local non-descriptive goats, gross pathological conditions were present in, 1-2 years age group 3 (6%), 2-3 years age group 6 (12%) and in above 3 years age group 7 (14%). These results showed that incidence of pathological conditions increased with the age of the goats in both the breeds and incidence was slightly higher in Teddy goats than Local non descriptive goats in the same age groups. The following eight pathological conditions namely metritis, pyometra, pigmentation, endometrial cysts, adhesions, fibrosis, hemorrhages and aplasia of uterus were found. The morphometric, gross and histopathological changes of each disease condition of uterine horns, uterine body and cervices were studied. The histochemical evidence of tissue exhibited PAS and alcian blue reactions revealing presence of carbohydrates were also studied.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0440,T] (1).
12.
Study Of Pathogenesis Caused By Vitamin "E" Deficiency And Excess (Histopathology Of Brain, Livers, Spleen, Myocardium And Skeletal Muscles) In Broiler Chickens
by Robina Nasim | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The investigation was conducted to study the effects of deficiency and excess of vitamin E on growth, hematology and liver, spleen, myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles of the broiler chicken. One hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks were divided. into three groups A, B and C containing 60 chicks in each group. Group A was maintained on a feed deficient in vitamin E. Group B was maintained on a feed containing excess of vitamin E at the rate of 300 il/kg. Group C was kept as control. All the said groups were maintained on said feed for 28 days. The weights of the birds from each group were taken every week. All the groups were kept under close observations to record signs and symptoms upto the end of 4 weeks of age. 20 birds from each group were slaughtered for hematology (PCV, Hb concentration, TEC and TLC) and histopathological studies (liver, spleen, myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles). The weight of the organs (liver, spleen, heart and brain) were taken and recorded after slaughtering. There was a significant decrease in weight in group A and a significant increase in weight in group B as compared to control group C.
Antemortem symptoms were recorded throughout the experiment the birds of group. A showed loss of condition, leg weakness and slight paralysis of legs and birds of group B showed hock deformities.
The main necropsy findings were small hemorrhages throughout the body muscles more prominent on breast and thigh muscles and small pinpoint haemorrhages in brain and anemia throughout the muscles in group A. Haematological alterations were studied in all the groups i.e. A, B and C. There was no significant difference in total erythrocytic count among all the groujs. There was significant difference in packed cell volume haemoglobin concentrations and total leukocytic count. The total leukOcytic count showed significant increase in group A as compared to control group C. The main histopathological lesions of liver and spleen were necrosis and leukocytic infiltration in group A. No change was noted ub kuver abd sokeeb if group B. The brain showed necrosis, calcium deposits and haemorrhages and in myocardium there were necrosis, leukocytic infiltration and haemorrhages while in skeletal muscels necrosis, leukocytic infiltration and hyaline degeneration after 28 days of age in group A No. lesions were observed in group B and C (control)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0446,T] (1).
13.
The Pathology Of Experimental Vitamin A Exess And Deficiency In Broiler Chickens
by Sami Itrat, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This study was conducted on broiler chickens for 7 weeks to investigate the effect of three different dietary levels of vitamin A on different body organs (oesophagus, liver, kidneys and ureters) by studying their weight and pathological lesions. The haematological parameters (TEC, Hb estimation and PCV) were also observed.
The results of the study revealed that vitamin A supplementation at 20,000 lU/Kg feed had beneficial effects on weight of organs such as oesophagus, liver, kidneys and ureters. Whereas vitamin A deficiency had adverse effects on body organs in terms of weight and morphology. No effect of different levels of vitamin A on haematological values.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0447,T] (1).
14.
Studies On The Pathological Aspects Of Early Chick Mortality Due To Bacterial Infections
by Raza ur Rehman | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to investigate the bacterial etiology in the early chick mortality in Punjab. For the purpose 500 dead chicks (1-2 weeks old) were collected and subjected to the bacteriological examinations.
Various media were used for the isolation, purification and identification of bacteria including MacConkey's broth, Selenite broth, S.S. agar, E.M.B. agar MacConkey's agar, Nutrient broth, Triple sugar iron agar, Blood agar, Mannitol salt.
The isolation of bacteria was done from heart, liver, spleen, yolk sac, intestine.
The standard techniques were used for biochemical and sugar fermentation reactions. The dead chicks were also examined for gross histopathological lesions.
Of 500 birds examined 56.8% birds yielded . cjj isolates followed by . pullorum (25.4%) and S. aureus (17.8%).
Sixty chicks suffering from Escherichia, Salmonella and Staphylococcus spp. infections (Twenty chicks positive for each genera) were selected for histopathological examination. The visceral organs (liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and spleen) showing characteristic lesions of diseases from 60 chicks were collected for histopathological study.
From the foregoing, it is evident that . cli, S. pullorum and S. aureus are major bacteria involved in early chick mortality. Therefore to avoid these infections, implementation of hygienic standards both at hatchery and brooder house, strict vaccination schedule; practice of disinfections, proper husbandry practices, testing of parent flocks for carriers, and finally strict quarantine measures are suggested.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0448,T] (1).
15.
Effect Of Fermacto On The Function And Morphology Of Liver And Kidneys Of Broiler Chicks
by Tahir Aziz | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the effect of two levels of Fermacto feeding for different durations on general metabolic state of broiler chickens by determining the functional and morphological state of liver and kidneys. One hundred and five day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups viz A through G each containing fifteen birds. Group A was kept as control. To other six groups Fermacto feeding was done at two different levels (2 gm/kg and 4 gm/kg of feed) and for different durations. The experimental period was 42 days. Organ: body weight indices, FCR, gross and histopathological lesions of liver and kidneys, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum total protein and serum uric acid levels and antibody titres against Newcastle disease studied.
The statistical analysis of organ body weight index for left kidney and right kidney showed a highly significant difference between all treated and control groups. The highest mean left kidney body weight index was achieved in the birds of group E. Similarly the highest mean right kidney body weight index was obtained in the birds of group C. Organ: body weight index for liver also showed a highly significant difference between control and treated groups and the highest liver body weight index was achieved in birds of group G. Best feed conversion efficiency was shown by the birds of group B. The gross pathological study of liver and kidneys revealed some nonspecific gross lesions such as slight atrophy, little changes in colour and streaks of haemorrhages in some birds of control and experimental groups. No characteristic histopathological lesion was observed in liver and kidneys of birds except accumulation of RBCs in some birds of control and experimental groups.
The data obtained by the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the concentration of serum glucose and serum cholesterol levels were significantly increased in treated groups than that of control group. Concentration of serum total protein was increased in all treated groups except for C group. But there was no significant difference in serumuric acid levels of all treated and control groups. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against Newcastle disease on zero, 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment showed that geometric mean HI titres of all groups carried no significant statistical difference on any of the above mentioned days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0493,T] (1).
16.
Effect Of Fermacto Feeding On Function And Morphology Of Liver And Kidneys Of Commercial Laying Hens
by Sarwar, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar khan | Dr. Ahmed Raza | Prof.Dr. Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The effect of three levels of Fermacto feeding on egg production, general metabolic state and health of the laying hens was observed by determining the functional and morphological state of liver and kidneys. One hundred, 60 weeks old laying hens, were divided into four equal groups viz A through D each of 25 birds. The hens were already vaccinated. The group A was kept as a control and iii group B, C and D, the Fermacto feeding was done at a dose rate of 1gm, 2gm and 4gm per kg of feed respectively. The experiment period was 60 days. Egg production records, visceral organ: body oveight indices, gross pathological lesions of liver and kidneys, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum total protein and serum uric acid levels and antibody titres against Newcastle disease were determined.
The statistical analysis of egg production record showed that from 1-15th day there was no significant difference among the experimental and control groups and from day 16-30th, there was highly significant difference between the experimental and the control groups. The highest mean egg production record was achieved I n the birds of group A. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups from day 31-45th ,but there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups from day 46-60th. The birds from the group B showed the highest mean egg production.
The organ: body weight index for left kidney and right kidney showed a highly significant difference between all experimental and control groups. The highest mean left kidney: body weight index was achieved in the birds of group D. Similarly the highest mean right kidney: body weight index was obtained in the birds of group C. Organ: body weight index for liver also showed a highly significant difference between control and experimental groups and the highest liver: body weight index was achieved in birds of group B. The gross pathological study of liver and kidneys revealed some non-specific gross lesions such as little changes in colour and streaks of haemorrhages in some birds of control and experimental groups. No characteristic pathological lesion was observed in liver and kidneys of birds.
The data obtained by the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the concentration of serum glucose level was significantly increased in experimental groups than that of control group. Concentration of serum cholesterol was also significantly higher in the treated groups than in control group. Concentration of serum total protein was highest in the C group. There was significant difference in the level of serum total protein of all the experimental and control groups. The serum uric acid concentration was significantly different between control and experimental groups. The uric acid concentration was highest in group A. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against ND on 1st, 15th , 30th, 45th and 60th day of the experiment showed that the highest GMHI in the birds of C group which reflected the stimulation of the immune system. So, it was concluded that Fermacto feeding had no deleterious effect on general metabolic state and immune system of laying hens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0498,T] (1).
17.
Changes In The Harderian Gland And Respiratory Tract Of The Broiler Chicken Following Intraocular Vaccination And Infection With/Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Amer Jumal, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. M. Asif Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to determine the immune response, macroscopic and microscopic changes in the Harderian gland (HG) and respiratory organs of young chickens reared in well controlled environment following eye-drop vaccination against ND and subsequent challenge with a NDV field strain. This endeavour also represents an effort to raise the curtain on the extent of local and humoral immunity in response to eye-drop vaccination against NDV and also after challenge by two different routes (intraocular and intratracheal).For this project a total of 150 day old broiler chicks were procured from local commercial hatchery. At day one 6 birds were used to determine the maternal antibody titres against ND. On day 7, chicks were randomly subdivided into 6 subgroups Al and A2, Bi and B2, Cl and C2, each subgroup having 24 birds. Three subgroups were vaccinated through eye-dropping against NDV (i.e. Al, A2 and Cl) at 7th and 21st day of age. The other three sub-groups were kept non-vaccinated (i.e. Bi, B2 and C2). Challenge of virulent NDV was administered at 28t1i day of age by two different routes to the different subgroups. Intraocular challenge was given to Al and Bi subgroups and intratracheal challenge was given to A2 and B2 subgroups, whereas Cl and C2 subgroups were kept as control. Determination of antibody response against NDV by heamagglutination inhibition test and gross and histopathology of Harderian glands, trachea and lungs of six birds of all experimental and control subgroups were performed on days 14, 28, 31 and 35 of age. Ocular vaccination engendered higher level of circulating antibodies against NDV but developed poor local protective immunity in tracheal rrucosa. Intratracheal challenge, caused pronounced changes in vaccinateçl birds by eye-dropping in comparison to intraocular challenge, so it can be infered that route of challenge of NDV played a characteristic' role in developing disease to the host vaccinated through eye-droppings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0504,T] (1).
18.
Study On Various Mineral Levels And Pathology Of Visceral Organs Of Broiler Chickens Affected With Leg Deformities
by Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This project was designed to determine the incidence of various leg disorders in commercial broiler chickens and to elucidate the effects of leg deformity on the metabolism of broiler chickens in terms of serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride and also on the morphology of liver, kidneys and pancreas. Fifty leg deformed broiler chickens were collected from 38 different commercial poultry farms in and around Lahore, kasur, Sialkot and Gujranwala Districts.
Out of the observed cases of leg deformity, 18 cases of valgus, 13 cases of slipped gastrocnemius tendon, 9 cases of curly toe, 5 cases of femoral head necrosis, 3 cases of varus and only 2 cases of synovitis were reported. This data of incidence of various leg deformaties were analysed on the basis of age, sex, strain of bird and also on the basis of location of deformity. It was noted that the most frequently encountered leg deformity was valgus. The maximum incidence of valgus occurred at 5th week of age. The males have greater incidence of valgus as compared to females. Hubbard strain had greater incidence of valgus in comparison to other strains of birds.
Unilateral cases of valgus were more common than bilateral. The levels of all minerals were decreased in experimental birds as compared to control ones. The mineral levels of birds affected with valgus deformity showed that there was a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium phosphorus and sodium between the experimental and control groups. But there was a non-significant difference in the levels of potassium and chloride in both the groups. The slipped gastrocnemius tendon was noted frequently at 7th week of age, slightly more in females and all the reported cases were unilateral. Hubbard strain was found to be most liable to slipped tendon. The mineral levels of birds affected with slipped tendon showed a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium, phosphorus and potassium between the experimental and control groups. A significant difference was also noted between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of chloride, but a non-significant difference was recorded between the experimental and control groups in case of serum sodium level. Curly toe was again recorded to its peak in birds of 7 week age, more in males and mostly bilateral. Hubbard strain was found to be the most affected one. The mineral levels of birds affected with curly toe showed a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium and phosphorus between the experimental and control groups. But a non-significant difference was noted between the two groups in cases of serum levels of sodium, chloride, and potassium. Femoral head necrosis was recorded at its highest incidence at 9th week of age, more in males, and all the recorded cases were unilateral. The strain most liable to femoral head necrosis was Indian river. The mineral levels of birds affected with femoral head necrosis showed a highly significant difference in the levels of phosphorus and potassium between experimental and control groups. A significant difference was also recorded between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of calcium. But in the serum levels of sodium and chloride a non-significant difference was obtained between the two groups. Varus was recorded more frequently at 6 and 7 week of age, more in females, and mostly unilaterally although bilateral cases were also noted. Hubbard, Arboracres, and Lohmann strains showed more susceptible behaviour. The mineral levels of birds affected with varus showed a highly significant difference in the level of calcium. A significant difference was also recorded between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of phosphorus and potassium, but a non-significant difference was noted in the sodium level between the two groups. Synovitis was noted mostly between 3 and 6 week of age, more or less equally between males and females. Both unilateral and bilateral cases were seen, and Hubbard and Arboracres strains were found to be more prone to synovitis. The mineral levels of birds affected with synovitis showed a significant difference in the levels of calcium and sodium in the experimental and control groups. But a non-significant difference lies between the two groups.
In all these various types of leg deformities, the macroscopic lesions like, slight enlargement of liver along with discolorization and necrotic areas and in some cases congested livers showing the lesions of perihepatitis were also noticed. The kidneys showed inflammatory signs alongwith urates deposits. A pale fibrosed pancreas showed atrophic changes. The pancreas was the most severely affected organ. In majority of the birds it was severely atrophied presenting a shrunken fibrous band like structure in the convoluted duodenal loop. The colour of these pancreases was white or off-white to pink and were firm in consistency. Microscopically cloudy swellings and severe necrosis were seen in the affected livers. Mononuclear and plasma cell infiltration were also quite evident. Leukocytic infiltration in the interstitial spaces and glomerular region were quite evident. The dilated blood vessels and haemorrhages in tissue spaces were observed. In some of the severely affected cases the glomeruli were enlarged and were less in number as compared to that of normal birds.Lesions of necrosis were also noted in some of the affected kidneys. Pancreas was observed that the acinar cells were atrophied and underwent vacuolation, degeneration and necrosis. The Zymogen granules were almost absent from acinar cells. Heterophil, leukocytic and lymphocytic infiltration were frequently encountered in affected cases. A characteristic change was an inflammatory reaction in one or more pancreatic ducts where the epithelium and fibrous tissues occluded the lumen of the ducts and led to obstruction in pancreatic drainage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0513,T] (1).
19.
Comparative Study Of Different Techniques For Diagnosis Of Lymphoid Leucosis In Commercial Layer Chickens
by Azhar Nazir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study and compare the results of ELISA, impression smears of visceral organs, haematological (TLC and DLC) and histopathological examination for diagnosis of lymphoid leucosis in commercial layers. For this purpose a total of 90 birds were selected from different commercial layer farms, having the history of lymphoid leucosis, age ranged from 5 to 9 months and having enlarged liver and bursa of Fabricious on palpation.
After the selection of birds, their blood was obtained and serum was seprated avoiding the lysis of RBCs. The serum thus obtained was used to detect the lymphoid leucosis antigen with the help of proflock kit of ELISA by KPL USA. Ninety serum samples were put into the ELISA plate well coated with an anti-P27 antibody. The anti-P27 antibody formed a antibody antigen complex. After washing the plate, an affinity purified rabbit anti-P27 peroxidase conjugate was added to each well. The antibody antigen complex remaining from the previous step reacted with the conjugate, brief incubation period was provided and then unreacted conjugate was washed through second wash step. Substrate which contained a chromogen ABTS), was added to each well. Chrornogen colour was changed (from clear to green-blue), which occurred in the presence of peroxidase enzyme. The relative intensity of colour developed in 15 minutes (Compared to control) which is directly proportional to the quantity of P27 antigen in the sample. Now the substrate was incubated, stop solution was added to each well to terminate the reaction. The plate was read using an automatic ELISA reader, which also calculated the SP (sample to positive) values for each sample tested.
The birds having titres of 1000 or above were found positive.
Twenty birds out of total 90 were found positive by ELISA.
These ELISA positive birds were purchased from each farm and the same number of healthy birds from the same flock were subjected to organ body weight ratio and haematological examination (TLC, DLC) and histopathology of positive cases.
The total leukocytic count of the ELISA positive birds showed increase in the leukocytic count when compared with the healthy birds of the same flock. The mean values for ELISA +ve birds of flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 44.93±0.40, 45.90±0.41, 45.90±0.41 and 45.04±0.63, respectively with mean TLC values of 27.32±0.23, 27.38±0.35, 27.38±0.35,27.24±0.29 of healthy birds of flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, where the differential leukocytic count showed mild increase in lymphocytes and basophilis and a marked increase in monocyte. The mean value for lymphocytes of the ELISA +ve flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 57.35±0.14, 57.30±0.15,57.30±0.15 and 57.76±0.44 respectively compared with the healthy birds of flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 which were 56.0±0.20, 56.0±0.29, 56.20±0.29 and 57.44±0.3. The mean basophilic value for ELISA +ve flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1.61±0.60, 1.56±0.24, 1.56±0.24 and 1.48±0.37 respectively, compared with the mean value of healthy birds of flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 which were 1.57±0.68, 1.48±0.68, 1.48±0.59 and 1.60±0.37, respectively.
The mean monocyte value for ELISA +ve flock were 14.50±0.13,14.50±0.10, 14.50±0.10 And 14.56±0.44 for flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, mean value of the healthy birds were 9.19±0.57, 9.10±0.44, 9.10±0.44, 9.10±0.44 For flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
The organ body weight ratio showed a highly significant
increase in the organ body weight indices of affected liver, kidney, spleen, ovary and bursa of Fabricious.
The gross lesions mainly were great enlargement of the liver, spleen, kidney, ovary and bursa of Fabricious, with grayish white, or creamy white foci. In some organ the nodular tumor growth has also seen.
Histopathological studies of the affected birds revealed the infiltration of the lymphoblasts and other blood cells in the affected organ. Areas of necrosis at some places in affected organ were observed. The tumors cells showed the aggrigates of lymphoblast. The impression smears made from the fresh specimen of liver, spleen, kidney, ovary and bursa of Fabricious, stained with Giemsa stain, confirmed the lymphoid leucosis due to the presence of lymphoblast.
Out of 20 positive cases, liver was affected in all the cases, spleen in 18 cases, ovary in 15 cases, kidney in 11 and bursa of Fabricious in 14 cases.
It was concluded that ELISA can be used as a most reliable and effective method of diagnosis in live birds, whereas in dead birds, disease can be confirmed by the presence of lymphoblasts in impression smears of liver and spleen. Blood changes can be use as aid in early diagnosis, whereas histopathology is a time consuming procedure.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0514,T] (1).
20.
Studies On The Incidence And Pathology Of Different Reproductive Disorders In Desi Laying Hens In And Around Lahore
by Shahbaz ul Haq | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Aleem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study incidence and pathology of reproductive disorders in Desi laying hens. This study also represented an endeavour to establish relationship between salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis and egg drop syndrome-76 infections and diverse types of reproductive abnormalities. A total of 300 Desi laying hens were randomly selected from the various poultry sale centres of Lahore and villages around Lahore. Blood sample and female genital tract of each bird were collected. The ovaries and oviducts of all hens were thoroughly examined to detect any gross pathological lesion. Organs exhibiting gross pathological lesions were subjected to histopathological examination. The biometrical study of ovaries and oviducts of all birds was also conducted. Serologically the incidence of salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis and egg drop syndrome 76 was detected by adopting rapid method agglutination test, rapid slide agglutination test and haemagglutination inhibition test, respectively.
In this study 32 (10.67%) birds exhibited five pathological conditions i.e. oophoritis, degenerated ovarian follicles, salpingitis, cystic oviduct and adenoma. Macro and microscopic pathological lesions were studied in all the above five conditions. Out of 300 serum samples, 113 (37.66%) were positive for Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum infection, 209 (69.66%) were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and 41 (13.66%) samples were positive for EDS-76 infection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0517,T] (1).
21.
Comparative Study On The Effects Of Dietary Aflatoxin And Detoxified Aflatoxin On Functions Of Liver In Commercial
by Kamran Younas Chohan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The effect of dietary aflatoxin and detoxified aflatoxin was studied on postmortem lesion, total serum protein, serum bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT in commercial broiler, which were fed on broiler starter ration upto 21 days. From 21st day to 42nd day they were divided into 5 group and fed toxicated feed along with different treatment. Aflatoxins were produced on corn by moistened it at room temperature for 15 days, and the concentration of aflatoxin in corn was determined through direct ELISA (Brinton, 1987) from a commercial Laboratory. This corn were ground and appropriate amount of this was mixed into broiler finisher ration to generate 70 ppb aflatoxin B1 level.
One hundred day old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and fed on broiler starter ration upto 21 days. At 21st day these were randomly divided into 5 groups, having 20 birds each. Each birds in each. One group was received simple feed, 2nd group was received contaminated feed with aflatoxin B1 70 ppb, 3rd, 4th, and 5th group were received contaminated feed with 70 ppb aflatoxin and treated for detoxification with extrusion, sodium bentonite and Mycofix plus inclusion respectively.
All the birds were thoroughly observed throughout the experimental period to detect any clinical sign deviated from normal. All the birds of each group were slaughtered at the end of experiment at 42nd days their blood was taken for separation of serum and gross postmortem lesions were recorded.
The common clinical symptoms observed in chicken at 70 ppb level were dullness, depression, paleness of combs, wattles and shank. The severity of these symptoms were less in groups feed a diet contaminated with aflatoxin with detoxification with extrusion and Mycofix plus. The group fed diet containing sodium bentonite, normal combs, wattles and shanks. Birds were remained active.
The postmortem changes in the group receiving 70 ppb dietary aflatoxin showed the enlargement of liver, kidney, pancreas and spleen. Haemorrhages were present on pancreas and on intestine. The severity of lesion on these organs were less in groups fed on diet contaminated with aflatoxin with detoxification with extrusion, Mycofix plus and sodium bentonite. The group fed on sodium bentonite added contaminated diet has normal intestine.
The total serum protein in group 2 decreased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed. In group 3 which was treated with extrusion serum protein level also decreased. In group which was treated with sodium bentonite protein level increased and showed much improvement. In group 5 it also increased but less than group 4. Increase was highly significant (P<0.01) at the end of experiment.
The total serum bilirubin in group 2 increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level. Improvement was in group 3,5 and 4 which were treated with extrusion, Mycofix plus and sodium bentonite. Much improvement in group 3 whose feed was detoxified with extrusion process. Decrease was highly significant (P<0.01) at the end of experiment.
The activity of SGOT in group 2 were increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed as compared to control. The activity of SGOT in treated groups were also increased. The treatment means of SGOT differed significantly (P<0.01).
The activity of SGPT in group 2 was increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed as compared to control. The activity of SGPT is treated group were also increased. The treatment means of SGPT differed significantly (P<0.01).
It was concluded from this study that the aflatoxin contaminated feed can be detoxified with extrusion, Mycofix plus or with addition of sodium bentonite. Addition of these in the feed improved the general body condition and liver function of the chickens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0521,T] (1).
22.
Classification Of Anaemia In Dogs
by Farid Khan | Dr. Javed Rashid | Dr. Aasif | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The present project was designed to investigate various causes and the incidence rate of anaemia and further to classify it on the basis of morphological changes.
Forty dogs were used brought to the Dog Hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. Based on history and clinical examination the dogs were described as anaemic. Fifteen dogs were used as control animals. Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and erythrocyte indices (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) were investigated.
Among forty sick dogs fourteen were found anaemic due to nutritional deficiency, nine due to parvovirus infection, seven were suffering from parasitic infestation, seven had mixed infection and only three had canine distemper. High incidence of anaemia indicated nutritional deficiency.
It is concluded that anaemia in dogs due to parvo virus infection, parasitic infestation and canine distemper is of macrocytic normochromic, due to mixed infections macrocytic hypochromic and nutritional deficiency had microcytic normochromic, normocytic normochromic, normocytic hypochromic and microcytic hypochromic in nature.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0528,T] (1).
23.
A Study On The Effect Of Doxin On The Immune System And Its Toxicity In Broiler Chickens
by Afzal, M | Dr. Shakil akhtar Khan | Dr. Khlid Muneer | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of Doxin on the 1.txuxuine system and if any, its toxicity (in normal and excessive doses) in broiler chickens. A total number of' 150 day old broJer chicks were randomly divided into six equal groups, A through F, each containing 25 birds. Group A arid B were kept as control i.e. A was non-medicated (Doxin) and vaccinated against ND while B was non-medicated (Doxin) and non vaccinated against ND. Groups C and E were medicated I)oxin at different levels (0.5gm/I and 4 gm/I) at 1st to 5th day and 22nd to 26th day respectively. Both groups were vaccinated against ND. Groups D and F were medicated Doxin at different levels (0.5gm/i and 4 gm/i) at 1st to 5th day and 22nd to 26th day respectively, both groups were non vaccinated against ND. The experimental period was 42 days. Organ body weight indices, gross lesions on liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and kidneys, determination ol immune response against Newcastle disease, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine amino transferase, aspaitate amino transferase, uric acid and urea levels were conducted.
The statistical analysis of organ body weight index for liver showed significant difference between the medicated and nonmedicated (control) groups. The highest. liver body weight index was achieved in the birds of group E. The organ body weight indices of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius are quite irregular. The data obtained by the the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the mean levels of serum total protein and albumin of control and medicated groups were not significantly different from each other. The mean levels of Globulin, A/G ratio of vaccinated and non- vaccinated groups carry statistical significant difference. There was no significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and asparate amino transferase (AST) levels of all medicated and non-medicated groups. The mean levels of urea and uric acid were increased in the medicated groups, highest in the high dose medication. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against Newcastle disease on 0, 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment showed that geometric mean HI titres of all medicated groups decreased that of control groups.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0532,T] (1).
24.
Effects Of A Live Coccidial Vaccine On Browth Traits And Immune Response In Broiler Chickens
by Azam Ali Nasir | Dr. Javed Rashed | Dr. Asif | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: One hundred day old broiler chicks at the age of two days were randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D. Group B, C and D were vaccinated orally with Cocci-vac on 3rd, 10th and 20th day of age respectively, while group A was kept as non-vaccinated control. At the age of 35 days, all the birds of each group were challenged with coccidial oocysts and the effects of Cocci-vac in controlling coccidiosis in broiler chicks as well as its effects on immune response and growth traits were studied.
The immunogenic effects of Cocci-vac were recorded by challenging the birds with sporulated oocysts. In vaccinated groups (B, C and D) the immunity was better than non-vaccinated control group (A), as there were reduced or no signs of coccidiosis in vaccinated groups. The data obtained from oocysts count per gram of feces showed that the number of oocysts was 28290 and 33830 in group A (control) and 14685 and 16480 in group B (vaccinated) on 7th and 10th day post challenge, while group C had not shown any oocysts count throughout the experimental period. However, group D had shown oocysts count 3240 on 10th day post challenge but not on 7th day. The data obtained from analysis of antibody titers against Newcastle disease on 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment, revealed that the GM HI titers of group A (control) was slightly better (181 and 119.4) than other groups B (168.9 and 104), C (104 and 78.8) and group D (168.9 and 55.7) on 14th and 28th day but the lowest (9.8) in group A on 42nd day than other groups B (14.9), C (19.7) and D (13.9). The gross pathological study of intestine showed serosal changes (inflammation and haemorrhages) and mucosal changes (thickened wall, haemorrhages and blood tinged contents), while liver showed discolouration. These changes were much prominent in group A as compared to group B. Spleen and bursa of Fabricius represented no lesions. The data obtained by analysis of weight gain and FCR showed better weight gain (1614, 1783 and 1720) in groups B, C and D respectively and FCR 2.35, 2.24 and 2.26 in groups B, C and D respectively, in vaccinated groups as compared to control .group 'A' (Weight gain 1301 and FCR 2.45). However, within the vaccinated group C showed the best results.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0538,T] (1).
25.
Studies On The Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Eimeria Species And Their Effect On Total Serum Protein In Commercial Layers
by Usman Naqi | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Afzal | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the prevalence of Eimerian species in layers of different age groups arid breeds. For the purpose, 500 carcasses of layers were obtained from various sources and brought to the College of Veterinary Sciences Lahore, and opened in Paraisitology Laboratory. Different parts of intestine were examined for the presence of Eimerian species. In addition, to asses the general health status of birds, relationship between oocyst count and total serum protein, 30 different layer farms were selected randomly and from cacti farm 5 birds were subjected to faecal arid blood examination. The faecal samples were checked for the presence of Eimerian. oocysts arid their count par gram of faeces. The serum wan separated from the collected blood sample and total serum protein value was calculated. The managemental factor of these 30 Farms were also recorded.
Five species were isolated from the 500 carcasses on the basis of site of infection, oocyst shape, size, length/width ratio and sporulation time. These specie5 included Simeria tenella 32.40%, C. acervulina 29.62%, C. necatrix 15.68%, C. brunetti 13.59% and C. maxima G.71@.
Out of 30 farms, 13 farms were found positive for coccidiosis. Correlation was found between the values of oocyst count and total serum protein. Five farms showed positive correlation which indicated that there was no significant difference between oocyst count and total serum protein values. Eight farms showed negative correlation indicating significant difference between the relavtive values of oocyst count and total serum protein.
It was found that layers between 3-9 weeks of age were most susceptible to coccidiosis. ESb3 was found to be the most effective and commonly used drug. Among different types of litter being used in the farms, rice husk was found to be the best bedding. Babcock was found to be the most resistant breed in layers. It was also observed that inadequate space provided to the birds, uncontrolled temperature of the farm and inadequate number of drinkers and feeders favoured the infection. Biosecurity measures remained the most important among all the factors.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0571,T] (1).
26.
Effect Of Two Anticoccidials With And Without Supplementation Of Vitamins On Some Liver And Kidney Functions
by Muti Ur Rehman Khan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Javed Rashid | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of anticoccidials (Ampisol 20% and Esb3 30%) with and without supplementation of vitamins on some liver and kidney functions of broiler chicken. A total of hundred day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five equal groups designated as A, B, C, D and E. Group A was medicated with Ampisol 20% at the dose rate of 3 gm/10 liters. Group B was given Ampisol 20% alongwith supplementation of Symodek at the dose rate of 1 gmJ2 liters. Group C was medicated with Esb3 30% while group D was Esb3 30% plus Symodek. Group E was non- medicated control. Serum samples were collected randomly from five birds in each group on day 21, 28, 35 and 42 and were stored at -20°C uptil tests. The experimental period was 42 days. Estimation of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine and serum uric acid was made by using commercially available kits in collected serum samples of all groups.
The statistical analysis of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine showed no significant difference among groups A, B, C, D and Eon 21, 28,35,42 day of experiment. Serum uric acid levels showed no significant difference in different groups on 21 and 42 day. On day 28 of the experiment there was no significant difference between mean serum uric acid levels of group C and D but were significantly different from groups A, B and E. The mean uric acid levels of groups A, B and E were significantly different from each other. On day 35 there was significant difference among different groups except between B and C groups. As there were no adverse effects on liver and kidney functions of broiler chickens, the administration of Ampisol 20% and Esb3 30% with and without vitamins is recommended for chemoprophylaxis of coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0576,T] (1).
27.
Study Of Incidence & Pathology Of Different Reproductive Disorders In Female Breeder Layers
by Imtiaz Ahmed Cheema | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr.Rashid Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This study was carried out to find the incidence and pathology of reproductive disorders in breeder female layers. A total of 120 breeder female layers were randomly selected from various poultry sale centers of Lahore. Blood sample and female genital tract of each bird were collected. The ovaries and oviducts of all hens were thoroughly examined to detect any gross pathological lesion. Organs exhibiting gross pathological lesions were subjected to histopathological examination. The biometrical study of ovaries and oviducts of all birds was also conducted. Serologically, the incidence of Salmonella pullorum and Mycoplasma gallisepticurn was detected by adopting rapid method agglutination test and rapid slide agglutination test, respectively. This study also represented an endeavor to establish relationship between Salmonellosis and Mycoplasmosis infections and adverse types of reproductive abnormalities.
In this study 15 (12.5 %) birds exhibited seven pathological conditions i.e. cystic ovary, degenerated ovarian follicles, salpingitis, impaction of oviduct, ruptured oviduct, adenoma and underdeveloped tracts. Macro and microscopic pathological lesions were studied in all the above conditions. Out of 120 serum samples 57 ( 47.5 % ) were positive for Salmonella pullorum infection and 87 (72.5%) were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0654,T] (1).
28.
A Study On Stress Induced Effects In Broilers After Vaccination (Angavag) Against Hydropericadium Syndrome
by Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Muhammad Aslam | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The main aim of this study was evaluation of vaccination (Angavac) stress against hydropericardium syndrome with an oil- based vaccine and possible measures to check that stress. For this purpose one hundred and seventy chicks (day-old) were randomly divided into four groups namely, A, B, C and D. Each group comprised of forty birds while ten birds were used to collect serum samples for evaluation of maternal antibody titre in the chicks. Group "A" was kept as control while group B, C and D were vaccinated against Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS). Group "B" was kept as such while group C and D were supplemented with multi-vitamins and aspirin respectively in drinking water. Blood samples were collected at 24, 48 and 72 hours post vaccination from ten randomly selected birds from each group to study heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio and change in serum chemistry i.e. (protein, glucose and cholesterol). Blood serum was also collected from 10 randomly selected birds of each group an day 14, 28 and 42 of the experiment to see the level of antibody titre in the groups. Adrenal/body weight ratio, pathological examination of adrenal gland and economics of the flock was also studied at the end of experiment. Vaccine did not cause any significant stress in broilers. However, multivitamin therapy gave better growth traits and increased profit.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0656,T] (1).
29.
Effect Of Stress Following Vaccination (Bur - 706) Against Infectious Bursal Disease In Broilers
by Ilyas Rasheed | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Habib-ur-Rehma | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The project was designed to detect and control vaccination stress, following vaccination with live intermediate type infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine administered orally and also its effects on immune response in commercial broiler chicks. Comparative efficacy of aspirin and multivitamins was determined to combat the sress. One hundred and sixty day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B. C and D, each group having 40 birds. Group A was kept as control, B was vaccinated but non-medicated, C was given multivitamins alongwith vaccine for 3 postvaccination days and group D was treated with Aspirin for 3 postvaccination days. Blood samples were collected on days 1st, 14th 28th and 42nd for detection of antibody titer against IBDV. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 10 birds of each group after 24, 48 and 72 hours of vaccination for ascertaining the following parameters, heterophil/lymphocyte ration, estimation of serum biochemical substances (protein, glucose and cholesterol). On day 42, adrenal gland/body weight ratio and pathological lesions in adrenal gland wre noted. An effort was also made to ascertain the economics of flock at the end of the experiment. No significant statistical difference among birds of different groups was noted in the following parameters: heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, serum biochemical substances and adrenal gland/body weight ratio. Vaccine did not cause detectable stress in broilers. Multivitamins therapy showed positive effects on the immune response growth traits of the birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0670,T] (1).
30.
Detection & Control Of Vaccination (Gumboro Vaccine Nobilis Strain D-78 Stress Against Infectious Bursal Disease
by Subtain, Syed M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr . Asim Aslam | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This research programme was intended to ascertain the stress produced after vaccination with live intermediate type of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine, which was administered orally through drinking water. It was also intended to manage the effects of vaccination stress with the supplementation of vitamins and aspirin. One hundred and sixty day old layer chicks were divided into four experimental groups i.e. A, B, C and D, 40 birds in each group. Group A was kept as control (non-vaccinated), B was given vaccine but not medicated, group C was administered vaccine as well as multivitamins for 3 days post-vaccination while group D was also medicated with aspirin for 3 days post-vaccination. The studied parameters were: heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, serum biochemical analysis (serum protein, glucose and cholesterol), determination of antibody response against IBDV. At the end of experiment (42nd day) adrenal glands were isolated from 10 randomly selected birds from each group. The glands were subjected to gross and histopathological
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0678,T] (1).
31.
Evaluation And Management Of Stress Induced By Vaccination Against Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Irfan Asghar, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr . Asim Aslam | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of vaccination stress on the performance of broilers by "Coccivac" vaccine against coceidiosis. Different blood factors like heterophil / lymphocyte ratio, total serum proteins, serum cholesterol, serum glucose levels and adrenal gland/body weight ratio, and pathological exmination of adrenal gland were used to appreciate the effects of stress in broilers. Vety-stress check and vitamin C were found useful in combating vaccine stress; the use was also economical. The results of this study represents an endaveour to suggest effective post vaccination measures for improving health status of broiler chiccks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0681,T] (1).
32.
Studies On Stress Induced Effects In Broilers Following Vaccination (Hydro Poultry) Against Hydropericadium
by Gulbeena Saleem | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The project was aimed at determining the vaccination stress follow hydropericardium syndrome vaccine (hydro-poultry vaccine, simple vaccine; Adenovirus type-4 Pak) by subcutaneous route under wing at 12th day of age and comparative efficacy of multivitamins and aspirin to combat it. One hundred and seventy day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D having 40 birds each. Ten-day old broiler chicks were used for collection of blood sample by cardiac puncture for detection of maternal antibody titre. Birds were kept for the period of 42 days. The birds of group A served as unvaccinated, unchallenged control. Group B was given vaccine and no treatment. Group C was given vaccine and multivitamins for 3 days post-vaccination group D was given vaccine and aspirin for 3 days post vaccination. Blood samples were collected from 10 randomly selected birds from each group at different post vaccination (Against HPS) periods i.e. 24, 48 and 72 hrs for serum biochemical analysis and 10 birds from each group at 14th 28th ad 42' days for determining antibody response against hydropericardium syndrome. 10 birds of each group were slaughtered on 42 days for collection of adrenal glands. The following parameters were studied (1) determination of heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (ii) estimation of serum biochemical analysis (Total Serum Protein, serum glucose, serum cholesterol). (iii) determination of adrenal body weight ratio (iv) gross pathological and histopathological examination of adrenal glands (v) estimation of antibody response against hydropericardi um syndrome vaccine. Inactivated virus vaccine against hydropericardium was unable to induce any stress in broiler chicks and the above mentioned parameters can act as good indicators for detection of vaccination stress to some extent. Multivitamins played a minor role in improving the condition of bird whereas, aspirin did not seems to be much effective in this study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0707,T] (1).
33.
Effects Of Different Hydropericardium Syndrome (Hps) Vaccine On Lymphoid Organs Of Broilers
by Aziz ul Haq, Shaikh | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Khalid Munir Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Autogenous and oil based vaccines are used to protect the broilers against Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS). The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different types of vaccines against HPS, their effects on growth traits and the immune organs (bursa and thymus), and immunomodulatory effects on immunity against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease virus. Effort was also made to measure the extent of stress caused by different types of vaccines against FTPS. For this purpose 250 day-old broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups A, B, C, D and E. On day 12 of age the birds of group B were vaccinated with an oil based Angavac vaccine and birds of groups C, D and E were vaccinated with formalinized killed vaccines prepared from liver homogenates of affected birds by different manufacturers locally, while birds of group A were kept as unvaccinated/untreated control. Blood was collected from 10 birds of each group on 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-vaccination i.e. day 13, 14, 15 and 16 of age for preparation of slides for differential leukocyte count. Serum was collected from 10 randomly selected birds of each group on day 14, 28 and 42 of age for determination of antibody titres against NDV, IBDV and HPSV. Oil based vaccine evoked a slow steady and persistent pattern while formalinized killed vaccine provoked enhanced early level which decreased rapidly and did not persist to a level of protection uptil 42 days of age. Negative immunomodulation was observed due to all types of HPS vaccine against antibody titre of ND. The extent of immunomodulation was mild in case of oil based and severe in case of formalinized killed HPS vaccines. But no immunomodulation observed against antibody titres of IBD. The stress was a result of all types of vaccines. The oil based vaccine produced transient type of stress as compared to severe and prolonged stress produced by the formalinized killed HPS vaccines. It can be concluded that the oil based Angavac vaccine against hydropericardium syndrome exerts low level of stress and with persistent high antibody titres improves health status of flock.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0708,T] (1).
34.
Detection And Control Of Vaccination Stress In Pullets Against Newcastle Disease Vaccine (Avinew)
by Shakila Khanum | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The project was carried out to detect the stress in layer chicks caused by vaccination against Newcastle disease. It alsi intended to find out the role of vitamins and aspirin in combating vaccination stress. One hundred and seventy (170) day-old layer chicks were obtained from the market. 10 day old chicks were utilized to determine maternal antibody Litre against NDV. Four groups were made at random comprising of 40 birds each. These were labelled as A (control group), B (vaccine), C (vaccine + vitamin) and D (vaccine + aspirin). The studied parameters in the experiment were: heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, serum biochemical analysis, adrenal! body weight ratio, pathological examination of adrenal glands as well as detection of antibody response against NDV.
At the end of the experiment, it was found that no considerable stress was induced in the birds vaccinated against NDV vaccine. It was also concluded that vitamins have a positive effect on immune response and growth rate of bird.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0722,T] (1).
35.
A Study On The Pathogenesis Of Yolk Retention In Broiler Chicks
by Kashif Aziz Khan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Shahnnaz Hamid | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was designed to identify the factors responsible for yolk retention in broiler chicks. Four different experiments were conducted to find out the effect of four factors (experimental yolk sac infection, off-feed period between hatching and housing, first feeding time in the poultry house and type of initial feed) on yolk absorption.
In Experiment-1, yolk sac infection was introduced in half of chicks while remaining acted as negative control. In Experiment-2, one third chicks were housed 24 hours after hatching, one third after 48 hours and remaining one third after 72 hours. In Experiment-3, one third chicks were offered feed immediately after housing, one third after 24 hours and remaining one third after 48 hours. Water was offered to all chicks immediately after housing. In Experiment-4, one third chicks were fed with commercial starter ration, one third with ground corn during first 24 hours followed by commercial starter ration and remaining one third were offered with 2% sugar solution in first 24 hours followed by commercial starter rations. Body weight, yolk sac weight, yolk sac/body weight ratio, estimated yolk absorption and composition of yolk was studied for each group.
Results of these experiments showed that yolk sac infection led to decrease in rate of yolk absorption. Moisture and protein percentage was increased in infected yolk but fat percentage was not affected by yolk sac infection. On the other hand, post hatch starvation due to delay in housing and delay in first feeding did not affect rate of yolk absorption. Moisture percentage was not affected while fat absorption increased and protein absorption decreased due to fasting. It was also observed that feeding ground corn in early life of chick led to slow absorption of yolk contents as compared to feeding commercial starter ration and 2% sugar solution. Yolk composition was not affected by feeding commercial starter ration, ground corn and 2% sugar solution in early life of chick.
It is concluded that experimental infection with E. coli and ground corn as initial feed leads to slow absorption of yolk sac in young broiler chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0726,T] (1).
36.
Effects Of Lincomycin And Spectinomycin Combination On The Immune Response Of Newcastle Disease Virus Vacinated
by Rahat Munir Chaudhry | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The project was designed to observe the effects of Lincospectin on the immune system of broiler chicks. Chicks divided in groups A, B and C were offered Lincospectin at 225mg/kg; 450mg/kg and 112.5 mg/kg body weight levels, respectively. All the chicks in various treatment groups were reared upto day 42 and the effects of Lincospectin on organ body weight indices, gross lesions on liver, spleen, thyrnus and bursa of Fabricius, and immune response of chicks against Newcastle Disease Virus vaccination, were determined.
The organ body weight indices of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius and liver did not indicate significant differences (P>0.05) amongst the Lincospectin treated and untreated groups. However, the bursal body weight ratio of chicks in groups A, B and C at day 7 were significantly higher than those of group D.
The data obtained on the analysis of HI antibody titre against Newcastle Disease Virus on days 1,7,14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 indicated that the geometric mean HI titres of Lincospectin treated groups (A, B and C) were quite different from each other and the chicks of group A had the best sero conversion. It was concluded that over all group A had the best immune response against NDV vaccination.
This study indicates that Lincospectin at a dose rate of 225mg/kg body weight did not interfere in the immune response of chicks to NDV, helped in better wiehgt gains upto day 42 and did not cause any gross or histopathological lesions in the organs like thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen or liver.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0756,T] (1).
37.
Effects Of Supplementation Of Selenium And Zing Alone And In Combination On The Immune Response Of Broiler Chicks
by Ashfaq Ahmad | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was designed to investigate whether different levels of selenium and zinc alone and in combination in diet had any effect on the immune response of broiler chickens. For this purpose two hundred and twenty five day-old broiler chicks were taken and equally divided into three different trials i.e. A, B and C. Trial A was supplemented with selenium (Se) at four different rates 0.18, 0.5, 1.0 and 0.0 mg/kg in groups Al, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Trial B was supplemented with zinc (Zn) at four different rates 40, 80, 120 an zero mg/kg in groups Bi, B2, B3 and B4, respectively. Trial C was supplemented with Se + Zn at rates of 0.18±40, 0.5±80, l.0±120 and 0.0±0 in groups Cl, C2, C3 and C4, respectively. Immunomodulatory effects o Se and Zn were evaluated by conducting hurnoral immune response against Newcastle disease vaccine (ND vaccine), delayed hypersensitivity reaction, weights of immune organs, growth traits and economy. Highest humoral immune response was observed in groups A3 (Se 1.0 mg/kg), B3 (Zn = 120 mg/kg), C3 (Se = 1.0 mg/kg + Zn = 120 mg/kg). rp1.e groups A4, B4 and 04 which were kept without Se and Zn supplementation had the lowest Immoral immune response. Delayed hypersensitivity index was highest in groups A3, B3 and C3, while lowest in control groups A4, B4 and C4. There was positive effect of Se and Zn on the histopathology of bursa of Fabricius, thyrnus and spleen. Body weight gains were also highest in A3, B3 and C3 and FCR was best in groups A3, B3 and C3. Weights of bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen were also highest in groups A3, B3 and C3, while lowest in the control groups A4, B4 and C4.
On the whole immunomodulatory effects of supplementation of Se and Zn ir combination were better than individual supplementation of Se and Zn.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0759,T] (1).
38.
A Study On Effect Of Different Antibiotics On The Immune System In Broiler Chickens
by Shahzad Ahmed | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of entrofloxacin and oxytetracyclone on the immune system and blood parameters. A total number of 120 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into three equal groups; A, B and C at therapeutic dosage, each groups contined 40 birds. Group A and B were kept as medicated with enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline respectively, while group C was non medicated. All groups were vaccinated against ND, IBD and HPSon day ( 7, 21), (14,24) and 15 respectively. Groups A and B were medicated at therapeutic dose at 5th to 15th day and 21st to 25th day respectively. The experimental period was 42nd day. On day 42 organ body weight indices, gross lesions on spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and kidneys were observed. Determination of immune response against Newcastle disease, IBD and HPS diseases estimation of blood parameters, DLC, TLC and TEC were conducted on day 1st, 14th 28th and 42nd. Histopathology of spleen, thymus bursa of Fabricius and kidney were also studied.
The study indicated that geometric mean of antibody titre were low in group B (Medicated with oxytetracyline) than group C (medicated with enrofloxacin) and A (control) Gross and pathological lesions were not found in any visceral organ (spleen, thymus, bursal) of groups A, B and C. There were no significant difference in weight of spleen, bursa of Fabricius, thymus and kidney of all group. Total leucocyte count and total erythrocyte count were low in groups B, than A and C on day 14, recorded after 10 day medication. In differential leucocytic count, lymphocyte were increased in group B than group A and C, whilte heterophil were decreased in group B than A and C.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0761,T] (1).
39.
Effect Of Different Routes Of Vaccination Against Newcastle Disease On Lymphoid Organs Of Broilers
by Rabia Salam | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was designed to compare two routes (intraocular and drinking water) of vaccination against Newcastle disease in terms of protection against velogenic field isolate of NDV by noting immune response and morphological changes in Harderian gland, Bursa of Fabricius and thymus of broilers. This project would also help to evaluate role of Harderian gland to generate local and humoral immunity in response to eye drop and drinking water vaccination against NDV.
For this purpose, a total of 160 day-old chicks were procured from local commercial hatchery. At day 7 birds were randomly divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C, D comprising 40 birds each. Group A and B were vaccinated through ocular and oral route respectively. While groups C and D were kept as control. At day 21, groups A and B were revaccinated through the same routes. At day 28, groups A, B and C were further sub-divided into two subgroups each i.e. Al and A2, Bi and B2, Cl and C2, respectively. Subgroups Al, Bl and Cl were challenged, ocularly while subgroups A2, B2 and C2 were challenged orally with velogenic field isolate of NDV.
Ocular vaccination resulted in higher level of circulating antibodies and increased number of plasma cells in Harderian gland. It can be inferred that ocular vaccination stimulated Harderian gland to produce strong lcal protective immunity both in ocular and oral mucosa.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0774,T] (1).
40.
Comparative Immunopathological And Immunosuppressive Effects Of Three Different Gumboro Vacine Strains
by Rana Muhammad Ayyub | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was planned to know the comparative immunosuppressive effects of three different Gumboro live vaccine strains on ND vaccination and to choose the least immunosuppressive out of these three vaccine strains.
A total of 100 chicks were divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D), 25 birds in each group. All the birds of all the groups were vaccinated against Newcastle disease on 5th and 21st day of age. Specific IBD vaccine was given to specific groups at l4t1 day and 28th day of age. Group A was given intermediate plus strain vaccine (228 E strain), group B was given intermediate strain vaccine (Strain D78) and group C was given another intermediate strain vaccine (Bursine-2 strain), on both days of IBD vaccination, as per schedule. While group D was unvaccinated control.
Immune organs including bursa, thymus and spleen were examined for their gross and microscopic pathological changes, before and after IBD vaccination. For this purpose, these organs were collected at 13th j7th and 31st days of age. At j3th day, gross and histopathological examination showed no lesions in any case of any group (as so far no IBD vaccine was given ). At 17th and 31st days, gross and histopathological examination revealed more severe lesions in group A, moderate lesions in group B, mild lesions in group C and no lesion in immune organs of group D.
Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed, to study the comparative humoral immunosuppressive effects of these IBD vaccines on antibody titre against ND vaccination, on birds of each group. Statistical analysis showed that 228 E vaccine strain (group A) while, D78 vaccine strain (group B) was less immunosuppressive but, on the other hand Bursine-2 vaccine strain (group C) was least immunosuppressive. No humoral immunosuppression was observed in unvaccinated control group D.
This study suggests the use of Bursine2 strain of IBD vaccine, in a flock at risk of ND infection, as it has least immunosuppressive effect against ND vaccination. Therefore, still the need of the hour is to choose the most proper IBD vaccine strain, among all the available strains in the market, which can provide excellent protection against IBD infection as well as has least immunosuppressive effects on ND vaccination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0775,T] (1).
41.
Effect Of Asocrbic Acid And Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation On Performance Of Broiler Checks Exposed to Heat Stress
by Bilal Anwar | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid on the performance of broiler chicks exposed to heat stress. A total number of 100 chicks were purchased from a local hatchery and divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D A and E) having 20 birds each. Group A was kept is control. Group B was kept at (34-36°C) only during 3rd and 4th week. Group C was kept at 34-36°C) and Sb-Asper-C was also supplemented only during 3rd and 4th week. Group D was kept at (34-36°C) only during 5th and 6th week. Group E was kept at (34-36°C) and Sb-Asper-C was also supplemented only during 5th and 6th week. All the birds were vaccinated with Lasota NDV strain on day 1 and 14. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated at end of experiment. Serum samples were collected on day 1, 14, 28 and 42 of life for determination of geometric mean haemagglutination inhibition (GMHI) titer against NDV. Five birds from each group were slaughtered on day 28 and 42 for the pathological examination of bursa, thymus and spleen. Ratio of weight of bursa, thymus and spleen to body weight were also calculated on day 28 and 42. The data was analysed statistically.
Our results indicated that heat stress increased the FCR of the birds but decreased the immune response (GMHI) and ratio of bursa, thymus and spleen to body weight of the birds. On gross pathological examination, heat stress caused atrophy of bursa, spleen and thymus but no microscopic changes were observed.
This study also indicated that Sb-Asper-C (containing ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid) supplementation during heat stress had beneficial effects on FCR, serum antibody development and ratio of weight of bursa, thymus and spleen to body weight of birds.
It is concluded from this experiment that the Sb-Asper-C (containing ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid) has expressed itself as an anti-heat stressor and also shown to be an immunopotentiating agent under heat stress. So Sb-Asper-C is recommended in heat stressed birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0777,T] (1).
42.
The Effect Of Experimentally Induced Yolk Sac Infection With Staphylococcus Aureus On Immune Status Of Broiler Chicks
by Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was carried out to study the effect of experimentally induced yolk sac infection with Staphylococcus aureus on immune status of broiler chicks. For this purpose one hundred day-old chicks were procured from local market and were randomly divided into two groups, A and B having fifty chicks each. Confirmed pathogenic isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into the yolk of each chick of group A while group B acted as control. Ten chicks from each group were slaughtered at interval of 48 hours i.e. on 3rd 5th 7th, and 9th day of the experiment and serum and yolk were collected. Experimental parameters included pathological examination of yolk sac, yolk sac weight/body weight ratio, antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in serum and yolk and analysis of fractional serum proteins.
Results showed that yolk sac weight/body weight ratio was higher in treatment group than in control group. Marked pathological changes (abnormal colour, consistency and odour) were also observed in unabsorbed yolks of the infected group. Geometric mean titres of maternal antibodies against NDV were significantly lower in serum while higher in yolk of the infected group as compared to control one. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used for serum protein analysis and percent area covered by each protein fraction was calculated. The percent area covered by most fractions of serum protein was lower in infected chicks than the control chicks.
It is therefore concluded that experimental yolk sac infection with Saphylococcus aureus leads to decreased maternal antibodies absorption from infected yolks and altered serum proteins indicating decline in the immunity of the chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0786,T] (1).
43.
Effect Of Experimental Yolk Sac Infection With Escherichia Coli On Immune Status Of Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Salah-ud-Shah | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was designed to evaluate the effect of experimental yolk sac infection with E. coli on immune status of broiler chicks. One hundred day old broiler chicks were divided in to two groups i.e. A and B containing 50 birds each. Experimental infection with E. coli was given intra yolk to group A on day-1 of experiment, while group B was kept as control. Ten chicks from each group were sacrificed to collect serum and yolks on 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day. Parameters studied were pathological examination of yolk sac, yolk sac/body weight ratio, antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus and analysis of fractional serum proteins.
Results of this experiment showed that yolk sac infection with E. coli led to gross pathological changes of yolk sac (enlarged, discoloured, abnormal consistency and congested blood vessels) and increased yolk sac/body weight ratio. Geometric mean titer against NDV was decreased in serum and yolk of treatment group. Analysis of fractional serum proteins by SDS-PAGE revealed that percentage area covered by most of serum protein fractions was decreased in treatment group as compared to control group.
It was concluded that intra yolk infection with E. coli resulted in pathological changes of yolk sac, increased yolk sac/body weight ratio and decreased immunity, which was evident from decreased maternal antibody titers and altered serum proteins profile of chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0790,T] (1).
44.
Mercury Intoxiation In Rohu (Rabeo Rohita)
by Waseem, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Sharif Mughal | Dr.Zafar Iqbal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the effect of Mercuric chiorkie (TIgCI2) toxicity in Labeo rohita (Rohu). For this purpose 175- famred fish Laheo rohita were bought from a local hatchery, kept and managed at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. After one week of acclimatization fish were exposed to mercuric chloride for acute and chronic phase to different sub-lethal doses of mercury. For acute phase experiment 40 fish were divided in to 4 equal groups viz A, B, C and D. Groups B, C and D were given HgCI2 at sub-lethal dose rate of 0.06, 0.09 and 0.12 mg/I respectively while group A served as control group. Liver, skin and gills were collected after 48 and 96 hours for pathological studies.
For chronic phase experiment 50 fish were divided in five equal groups viz F, G, 11, 1 and 3 were given mercuric chloride (HgCI2) at sublethal dose rate of 0.04mg/i for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days respectively. Whereas group E which served as control further subdivided into five groups viz Ei, E2, E3, E4 and E5 had 25 fish maintained in 5 aquaria. Liver, skin and gills were collected from each group after 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days respectively for pathological studies. In treatment groups normal histology of liver disturbed and there observed necrosis, pycnotic nuclei, cellular infiltration, congestion, degeneration, deformation and dilatation of ducts. Histology of skin showed changes like pycnosis, necrosis, deposition of salts, degeneration and vacuolization of epithelial cells. Histopathology of gills also showed a wide range of lesions like hypertrophy of lamellae, larnellar fusion, club shaped lamellae, dis-integration, congestion and hemorrhages. In chronic phase experiment effects of HgCI2 on clinical signs and growth rate of fish were also studied. Restlessness, difficult breathing, fin flickering and jerky movements were observed in treatment groups. Suppressed growth rate was also observed in treatment fish. It was concluded that mercury intoxication not only results in marked histopathological changes and abnormal clinical signs but also results in depressed growth rate.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0805,T] (1).
45.
Detection And Control Of Vaccination Stress Following Vaccination With Live Virus Newcastle Disease Vaccine And Its Effect on Immune Response Commmercial Broiler Chicks
by Zahid Jawad | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Khushi Muhamma | Dr.Javed Rashid | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This study intended to ascertain the vaccination stress following live Newcastle disease vaccine by oral route and to determine the comparative efficacy of probiotic and vitamins to combat it. One hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D having 35 birds each. The birds were kept for 45 days alter vaccination with Bio-LaSota by oral route on 21st day. Chicks From group A was kept as control. Group B was given vaccine and no treatment. Group C was given vaccine and only brobiotic (protexin). Group D was given vaccine and only vitamins (Vitaoligosol). Seven birds of each group were slaughtered on 22nd day, 23th, 24th and 25th day and remaining 7 birds of each group were slaughtered on day 45th, for collection of blood samples. The blood samples from 7 randomly selected birds were collected on day 16, 30th and day 45th for determination of antibody t.itre. The following parameters were studied: (i) determination of hetrophil/lymphocyte ratio (Ii) estimation of antibody response against Newcastle disease vaccine (iii) estimation of serum biochemical substances (iv) Determination of adrenal gland body weight index and (v) Pathological study of adrenal glands. Live virus vaccine against Newcastle disease caused vaccination stress in broiler chickcns. The birds expressed vaccination stress for a variable period ranged from 1 to 2 post-vaccination day. But these results were more accurate if level of corticosteroids was detected. In future, a more comprehensive study is required to devise simple and reliable methods for detecting stress in poultry in field conditions and also to suggest therapeutic and prophylactic measures for relieving the birds from the state of stress.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0806,T] (1).
46.
Detection And Control Of Vaccination Stress Following Vaccination With Inactivated Virus Newcastle Disease
by Kanwar Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Javed Rashid | Dr.Khushi Muhammady | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This study was intended to detect and control of the vaccination stress following vaccination with inactivated virus Newcastle disease vaccine intramuscularly (i/rn) and its effects on immune response in commercial broiler chicks. One hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, 13, C and D having 35 birds each. Chicks from group A were kept as control. Group B was given vaccine and no treatment. Group C was given vaccine and probiotic (protexin). Group 0 was given vaccine and vitamins (Vitaoligosol). Seven birds of each group were slaughtered on 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th day post vaccination and remaining 7 birds of each group were slaughtered on day 45th, for collection of blood samples. The blood samples from 7 randomly selected birds were collected on day 16th, 30th and 45th for determination of antibody titre. The following parameters were studied: (i) determination of heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (ii) estimation of antibody response against Newcastle disease vaccine (iii) estimation of serum biochemica' substances (iv) determination of adrenal gland body weight index and (v) pathological study of adrenal glands. Inactivated virus vaccine against Newcastle disease induced transient stress in broiler chicks and detection of serum biochemical substances (protein, glucose and cholesterol) can act good indicators for detection of vaccination stress. Protexin and vitaoligosol played minor role in combating vaccination stress in this study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0807,T] (1).
47.
Effect Of High Dietary Calcium And Low Phosphorus On Urinary System Of Broiler Chicks
by Majeed Ansar | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Nisar | Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to examine the effect of high dietary calcium and low phosphorus on urinary system of broiler chicks. A total of ninety (day-old) broiler chicks were divided into3groups designated as A. 13 and C. The birds were given starter feed in the first 3 weeks of their life and the finisher feed in the remaining 3 weeks of the experiment. The calcium phosphorus ratio in the feed for groups A, B and C was 1 : 0.5, 2: 0.5 and 3 : 0.5 respectively, throughout the experiment. The birds of group A served as control. Various parameters studied included, determination of serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, estimation of Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), kidney body weight ratio, gross pathological examination of urinary system and histopathological examination of kidney.
The birds of groups B and C, fed high dietary calcium and low phosphorus revealed hyperealcaemia and hypophosphataemia in their sera. The FCR values of groups A, B and C, came to be 1.728, 1.876 and 2.089 respectively, reflecting inferior feed conversion efficacy of treatment groups as compared to the control one. The mean kidney body weight ratio of groups A, B and C was 9.41, 11.95 and 16.08 respectively, thereby indicating adverse effects of high calcium and low phosphorus on kidney body weight ratio of experimental birds. The urinary system of the experimental birds, in general, displayed inflammatory lesions, showing abnormalities of colour, size, shape and texture of kidneys and ureters. The latter also experienced occlusion and distention. The microscopic examination of the experimental birds showing gross pathological lesions revealed common hostopathological changes, involving glomeruli, tubular cells and interlobular veins, comprising increased cellularity, degeneration, haemonrrages etc.
The findings of the present study have shown the adverse effect of high dietary calcium and low phosphorus on urinary system of broiler birds. It is therefore, suggested that for obtaining optimal growth and performance of broilers, a diet with calcium and phosphorus ratio of 1.0 : 0.5, may be formulated.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0808,T] (1).
48.
Effect Of Feeding Organic And Inorganic Selenium With And Without Combination Of Vitamin E On The Immune System Of Broiler Chickens
by Imran Hussain, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Kamran | Dr.Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present project was designed to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic selenium with and without combination of vitamin E on the immune system of broiler chickens. For this purpose 130 (one day old) broiler chicks were taken and divided into three different groups i.e. A, B and C. Group A and B consisted of 60 chicks each while group C consisted of 10 chicks. Group A was further sub divided into six sub groups Al, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6 which were fed on organic selenium at the dose rate of 0.25, 0.25, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.0 mg/kg and vitamin E at the dose rate of 0, 200, 0, 200, 0 and 200 lU/kg respectively. Group B was further sub divided into six sub groups Bi, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6, which were fed on inorganic selenium at the dose rate of 0.25, 0.25, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.0 mg/kg and vitamin E at the dose rate of 0, 200, 0, 200, 0 and 200 lU/kg respectiyely. Group C received no selenium and vitamin E and served as control group.
Immunomodulatory effects of selenium and vitamin E were evaluated by measuring haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Pathological examination of lymphoid organs, lymphoid organs weight/body weight ratio, growth traits and economy were also studied. Highest immune response was observed in sub groups A6 and B6 as compared to control group that had the lowest immune response. There was no effect of organic and inorganic selenium with and without combination of vitamin E on the pathology of bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus as compared to control group. Lymphoid organs weight/body weight ratio was also highest in sub groups A6 and B6 while lowest in control group. Body weight gain was highest in sub groups A6 and B6 as compared to control group. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was also best in sub groups A6 and B6 as compared to control group.
To summarize, the immunomodulatory effects of supplementation of organic selenium with and without combination of vitamin E were better than supplementation of inorganic selenium with and without combination of vitamin E. Moreover, the effects of organic or inorganic selenium with combination of vitamin E were better than the supplementation of organic or inorganic selenium without combination of vitamin E. It can be concluded that feeding of organic/inorganic selenium with and without combination of vitamin E is not only beneficial for health status of birds but also economical and cost effective for the farmers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0817,T] (1).
49.
Effects Of Excessive Sodijm Salts In Feed Of Broiler Birds
by Farrukh Ali Khan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: This study was conducted on broiler birds for 6 weeks to investigate the effect of excessive sodium salt i.e. sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate on immune status of birds, against NDV by haemagglutination inhibition test. Presence of edematous lesion on postmortem examination, estimation of serum sodium concentrations by spectrophotoinetry and calculation of FCR and weight gain was also performed. A total of 100 (one day old) broiler chicks were purchased and were divided in 4 groups A, B, C and D. The birds of group A were fed on 0.36% NaCI in feed, group B was fed on 0.36% NaHCO3 in feed and the birds of group C were fed on feed having 0.18% NaC1 and 0.18% NaHCO3. The group D was control group fed on routine feed having 0.18% total sodium salts. They were maintained under similar hygienic managemental conditions and were provided feed and water ad libitum
The results showed that the birds of group A had better feed conversion ratio as compared to the birds of group B, C and D. Whereas birds of group D had poor FCR as compared to the birds of group A, B and C. The results showed that birds of group A had better weight gain as compared to the birds of group B, C and D. Whereas birds of group D had poor weight gaul as compared to the birds of group A, B and C. On analysis of serum sodium concentration, the birds of group A had maximum sodium concentration and birds of group D had lowest serum sodium concentration. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the serum sodium levels of all groups except within group B and C. The highest GMHI titer against ND virus was observed in sera of birds of group D and the lowest ill the sera of birds from group A. No edematous lesions were observed in birds of any group.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0839,T] (1).
